Classification measuring principle

Table 1 lists the main sensors used for diagnosis or cure. Moreover, classifications, measurement principles, and applications for diagnosis or cure also will be described. If commercial availability can be confirmed, it is so indicated. For enzyme sensors, the detection method (electrode) for enzyme reaction products is stated in the supplemental column. 

A) Classification based on the measuring principle (pp 5-19). It lead fliem to distinguish two major methods of calorimetry ... 

For each of these control modes, different calorimeter types with different construction principles and different measuring principles exist (see Chapters 1 and 5). For reasons of clarity, we restrict ourselves in what follows to these three operation modes and collect the different calorimeters in three groups without further detailed classification characteristics. Numerous calorimeters belong to these groups, and it is not possible to present all of them in particular, we are not able to list all calorimeters that are commercially available but only typical examples to explain the respective characteristic properties. 

To classify measuring devices is not a trivial task, since there are so many different types and the principles they are based on are vastly different. A general classification is difficult to make, since it depends strongly on the criterion one is using. A possible classification of sensors could be based on the measuring principle they are using, for example ... 

In spite of a very large amount of data, listed in two books by Sillen and Marten (1964, second edition [148], and 1971, supplement [149]), the stability constants of metal-ion complexes with organic and inorganic ligands, measured mainly in aqueous solution, could not furnish any useful basicity scale. They did, however, help to establish the important HSAB classification and principle (Pearson, 1963-1969) [150-155]. 

Calorimetry is the basic experimental method employed in thennochemistry and thennal physics which enables the measurement of the difference in the energy U or enthalpy //of a system as a result of some process being done on the system. The instrument that is used to measure this energy or enthalpy difference (At/ or AH) is called a calorimeter. In the first section the relationships between the thennodynamic fiinctions and calorunetry are established. The second section gives a general classification of calorimeters in tenns of the principle of operation. The third section describes selected calorimeters used to measure thennodynamic properties such as heat capacity, enthalpies of phase change, reaction, solution and adsorption. 

EN 779 1993 in principle contains two different test methods. The filter is tested both with untreated outdoor air and with the addition of synthetic dust. In the first case, the filter s dust spot efficiency is determined, i.e., its capacity to clean normal outdoor air. In the second case, the filter s arrestance is measured, i.e., its capacity to separate synthetic dust. The average value for dust spot efficiency or arrestance during the course of the test is used for classification of the filter. 

They indicated that the softness parameter may reasonably be considered as a quantitative measure of the softness of metal ions and is consistent with the HSAB principle by Pearson (1963, 1968). Wood et al. (1987) have shown experimentally that the relative solubilities of the metals in H20-NaCl-C02 solutions from 200°C to 350°C are consistent with the HSAB principle in chloride-poor solutions, the soft ions Au" " and Ag+ prefer to combine with the soft bisulfide ligand the borderline ions Fe +, Zn +, Pb +, Sb + and Bi- + prefer water, hydroxyl, carbonate or bicarbonate ligands, and the extremely hard Mo + bonds only to the hard anions OH and. Tables 1.23 and 1.24 show the classification of metals and ligands according to the HSAB principle of Ahrland et al. (1958), Pearson (1963, 1968) (Table 1.23) and softness parameter of Yamada and Tanaka (1975) (Table 1.24). Compari.son of Table 1.22 with Tables 1.23 and 1.24 makes it evident that the metals associated with the gold-silver deposits have a relatively soft character, whereas those associated with the base-metal deposits have a relatively hard (or borderline) character. For example, metals that tend to form hard acids (Mn +, Ga +, In- +, Fe +, Sn " ", MoO +, WO " ", CO2) and borderline acids (Fe +, Zn +, Pb +, Sb +) are enriched in the base-metal deposits, whereas metals that tend to form soft acids... 

Recommendations on Selection of a Measure of Response. For purposes of waste classification, NCRP believes that it would be desirable, in principle, to use the same measure of response for all hazardous substances, essentially because this approach would help give equal weight to all such substances in classifying waste. 

Based on the principle that the first non-toxic dilution level is used for numerical classification of liquid samples, toxicity can be expressed in the form of the negative binary logarithm of the dilution factor. In similar fashion to the pH value introduced by S.P.L. Sorensen in 1909 as a measure in chemistry, this measure of toxicity is called the pT-value (Krebs, 1987). 

The main advantage of SVM over other data analysis methods is its relatively low sensitivity to data overfitting, even with the use of a large number of redundant and overlapping molecular descriptors. This is due to its reliance on the structural risk minimization principle. Another advantage of SVM is the ability to calculate a reliability score, R-value, which provides a measure of the probability of a correct classification of a compound [70], The R-value is computed by using the distance between the position of the compound and the hyperplane in the hyperspace. The expected classification accuracy for the compound can then be obtained from the 7 -value by using a chart which shows the statistical relationship between them. As with other methods, SVM requires a sufficient number of samples to develop a classification system and irrelevant molecular descriptors may reduce the prediction accuracies of the SVM classification systems. 

Aerosol measurement instruments can be conveniently classified according to the type and quantity of information they provide about aerosol properties. The physical principles on which the instniments are based are of secondary importance in this classification scheme, and indeed the instruments can be considered black boxes. This approach makes it possible... 

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