Ciprofloxacin Chloroquine

Dimensional structures of small molecules that exhibit IL-1 modulating activities. They are tenidap, ciprofloxacin, 3-Deazaadenosine, (SK F 86002), E5110, DMARDs (Chloroquine, Auranofin, Sodium aurothiomalate and Dexamethasone) tiaprofenic acid, dexamethasone, tricyclic-ylidene-acetic acid and its derivative, Probucol, eicosapentenoic acid + docosahexenoic, pentoxifylline, Denbufylline, and Romazarit (Ro-31-3948). 

The quinolone class of drugs were discovered in the 1960s when Lesher et al. isolated nalidixic acid as a by-product of chloroquine synthesis (2). More than a thousand quinolones and analogs have since been synthesized and evaluated in an attempt to reduce toxicity and increase antimicrobial potency. The attachment of a fluorine to C-6 and a piperazine or methylpiperazine to C-7 has led to more active agents such as norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and lomefloxacin (3). 

The first quinolone, nalidixic acid, was isolated as a byproduct of the synthesis of chloroquine. It has been available for the treatment of urinary tract infections for many years. The introduction of fluorinated 4-quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), moxifloxacin (Avelox), and gatifloxacin (Tequin) represents a particularly important therapeutic advance because these agents have broad antimicrobial activity and are effective after oral administration for the treatment of a wide variety of infectious diseases. Relatively few side effects appear to accompany the use of these fluoroquinolones, and microbial resistance to their action does not develop rapidly. Rare and potentially fatal side effects, however, have resulted in the withdrawal from the market of temafloxacin (immune hemolytic anemia), trovafloxacin... 

The first quinolone, nalidixic acid, was isolated as a byproduct of the synthesis of chloroquine. It has been available for the treatment of urinary tract infections for many years. The introduction of fluorinated 4-quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), moxifloxacin (Avelox), and gatifloxacin (Tequin), represents a particularly important... 

Ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidine, ciprofloxacin, methicillin, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxazole Carbamazepine, felbamate, mesantoin, phenytoin, valproic acid Cimetidine, ranitidine Amodiaquin, chloroquine, quinine Chlorpromazine, clozapine, mianserin... 

Lysosomal permeabilization. The lysosomotropic drugs, ciprofloxacin, hydroxychloroquine, and chloroquine (Boya et al. 2003a,b Zhao et al. 2005), the topoisomerase inhibitor, camptothecin (Paquet et al. 2005), and the microtubule stabilizing drag, paclitaxel (Brocker et al. 2004), can permeabilize the lysosomal membrane. This releases cathepsins, which activate Bax that target the mitochondria. 

A woman taking chloroquine 250 mg and naproxen 1 g daily developed dizziness, anxiety and tremors within a week of starting ciprofloxacin 1 g daily. The symptoms largely resolved when the chloroquine was stopped it was not known if she also stopped the naproxen. Two months after chloroquine was discontinued, and while she was still taking ciprofloxacin, indometacin was started. This time she developed pain in her feet and became extremely tired. The pain partially subsided and the fatigue vanished when the ciproftoxacin was stopped. I ter she was found to have some axonal demyelination, compatible with drug-induced polyneuropathy. ... 

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