Cinnamoyl CoA reductase

Ralph, J. Kim, H. Lu, F. Grabber, J. H. Boerjan, W. Leple, J.-C. Berrio Sierra, J. Mir Derikvand, M. Jouanin, L. Lapierre, C. Identification of the structure and origin of a thioacidolysis marker compound for ferulic acid incorporation into angiosperm lignins (and an indicator for cinnamoyl-CoA reductase deficiency). Plant J. 2008, 53, 368-379. 

Figure 3-9. Biosynthesis of monolignols. The enzymes involved in this pathway are ( ) hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxy-cinnamoyl transferase, (b) p-coumaroyl-CoA 3 -hydroxylase (E.C. 1.14.14.1), (c) caffeoyl-CoA O-methy 1 Iranslerasc (E.C. 2.1.1.104), (d) cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (E.C. 1.2.1.44) (e) cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.195), (f) coniferyl aldehyde/coniferyl alcohol 5-hydroxylase (E.C. 1.14.13), (g) coniferaldehyde/coniferyl alcohol O-methyltransferase (E.C. 2.1.1.68).

O Connell, A., Holt, K., Piquemal, J., Grima-Pettenati, J., Boudet, A., Pollet, B., Lapierre, C., Petit-Conil, M., Schuch, W., and Halpin, C. 2002, Improved paper pulp from plants with suppressed cinnamoyl-CoA reductase or cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, Transgen. Res. 11 495-503. 

Lauvergeat, V., Lacomme, C., Lacombe, E., Lasserre, E., Roby, D., and Grima-Pettenati, J., 2001, Two cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) genes from Arabidopsis thaliana are differentially expressed during development and in response to infection with pathogenic bacteria, Phytochem. 57 1187-1195. 

Pichon, L. Courbou, I, Beckert, M, Boudet, A-M., and Grima-Pettenati, J., 1998, Cloning and characterization of two maize cDNAs encoding cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and differential expression of the corresponding genes, Plant Mol. Biol. 38 671-676. 

Van Der Rest, B., Danoun, S., Boudet, A.M. and Rochange, S.F. (2006) Down-regulation of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase in tomato Solanum lycopersicum L.) induces dramatic changes in soluble phenolic pools. /. Exp. Bot., 57,1399-411. 

J Ralph, RD Hatfield, J Piquemal, N Yahiaoui, M Pean, C Lapierre, A-M Boudet. NMR characterization of altered lignins extracted from tobacco plants down-regulated for lignification enzymes cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 12803-12808, 1998. 

Figure 3.1 Primary flux of carbon through phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 4CL, 4-(hydroxy)cinnamoyl CoA ligase C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase HCT, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase C3 H, /7-coumaroylshikimate 3 -hydroxylase CCoAOMT, caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase COMT, caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid o-methyltransferase CCR, cinnamoyl CoA reductase CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Not depicted is the HCT catalyzed synthesis of/r-coumaroyl quinate.

Cinnamate Co A ligase, p-coumarate CoA ligase 2 cinnamoyl CoA reductase 3 cinnamoyl alcohol dehydrogenase... 

Reduction of a coenzyme a ester to the corresponding aldehyde, catalyzed by cinnamoyl CoA reductases (CCRs), is an important reaction in lignin biosynthesis (Fig. 5). Plants contain small CCR gene families [91] encoding enzymes with differences in overall specificity for monolignol precursors with different aromatic ring substitution patterns. 

Lacombe, E. et al. (1997) Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, the first committed enzyme of lignin branch biosynthetic pathway cloning, expression and phylogenetic relationships. Plant J. 11, 429 1... 

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