Chromosome representation

MOGP is based on the more traditional optimisation method genetic programming (GP), which is a type of GA [53,54]. The main difference between GP and a GA is in the chromosome representation in a GA an individual is usually represented by a fixed-length linear string, whereas in GP individuals are represented by treelike structures hence, they can vary in shape and size as the population undergoes evolution. The internal nodes of the tree, typically represent mathematical operators, and the terminal nodes, typically represent variables and constant values thus, the chromosome can represent a mathematical expression as shown in Fig. 4. 

A chromosomal representation, defined by means of an encoded route. 

Some mobile robot elements such as their orientation in the workspace and their distance to the goal point should be included in the chromosome representation. The chromosomes chosen... 

Gress TM et al. Identification of genes with specific expression in pancreatic cancer by cDNA representational difference analysis. Genes Chromosom Cancer 1997 17 1-7. 

An 8.5-meter-high model of the human X chromosome is constructed out of stainless steel and synthetic rubber. Solar energy powers the object, engendering a pulsating motion in two of the form s extremities. The overdimensional representation of the central component of our human identity focuses attention on questions relating to its technological manipulability. 

Fig. 5. Schematic representation of signals illustrative of chromosomal abnormalities in metaphase spreads and interphase nuclei.

Figure 2. Genetic aberrations observed in HAT genes, (a) Schematic representation of a balanced chromosomal translocation. These translocations result in the formation two new fusion genes, which can give rise to one or two fusion proteins, (b) Examples of nonsense (RTS patient RT163.1), missense (RT209.1), deletion (followed by frame shift RT231.1) mutations, as well as sphee site acceptor (RT211.3) or splice site donor (RT39.1) mutations...

Figure 2. Space-scale representation of the GC content of a 10-Mbp-long fragment of human chromosome 22 when using a Gaussian smoothing filter (x) [Eq. (6)]. (a) GC content flucmations computed in adjacent 1 kbp intervals, (b) Color coding of the convolution product Wg(o)[GC](n,a) = (GC /a))(n) using 256 colors from black (0) to red (max) superimposed...

Figure 2. Space-scale representation of the GC content of a 10-Mbp-long fragment of human chromosome 22 when using a Gaussian smoothing hlter [Eq. (6)]. (a) GC content fluctuations...

Figure 20.28 Diagrammatic representation of mitosis in a cell with a single pair of homologous chromosomes. In prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, each of which consists of a pair of chromatids that have been formed by replication during interphase, and the nuclear envelope disappears. In metaphase, each chromatid attaches to the spindle fibres (microtubules) at a centre point, the centromere. In anaphase, the two chromatids of each chromosome become detached from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell along the microtubules. In telophase, the chromatids have reached the poles. Two nuclear envelopes then form and enclose each new set of chromatids, now once again called chromosomes. The microtubules disappear and the chromosomes uncoil and re-form into the long chromatin threads. Finally the cell membrane is drawn inward by a band of microfilaments to form a complete constriction between the newly formed nuclei, and two new cells are formed. The process is called cytokinesis.

Figure 20.29 Diagrammatic representation ofmeiosis in a cell with a single pair of homologous chromosomes. The nuclear membrane is not shown. In reality the chromosomes would not be visible in early prophase.

Fig. 2. WEB representation of SEVENS database. At the upper part (Fig. 2a), the chromosomal viewer, the phylogenetic map button, and the content search boxes are shown. Using the AND combinations of several conditions, the content search boxes retrieve GPCR genes. Selection of a query gene from these viewers or the list table navigates the user to the gene annotation information page.

Individuals belonging to the same species carry approximately the same number of genes positioned in the same relative locations on their homologous chromosomes each gene is represented by more than one variant which frequently results in different visible characteristics (phenotypes) in different individuals. The different representations... 

Cells that carry a single copy of each gene are referred to as haploids. Cells that carry two copies of each gene are referred to as diploids. Bacteria are haploid cells because they carry a single chromosome with a unique representation for each gene. Bacterial cells that are partial diploids (merodiploids) may occur naturally, or they may be selected for by genetic techniques. 

A favored method for constructing merodiploids is to infect the bacterial cell with a virus or a plasmid DNA that carries the extra genes of interest. The F plasmid is commonly used for this purpose. In strict usage, the genetic representation for a cell carrying the lac operon on the chromosome and the F plasmid would be z+y+a+l/Fz+y+a+,... 

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