Chromium thermodynamic propertie

Chromium, molybdenum and tungsten thermodynamic properties, chemical equilibria and standard potentials. I. Dellien, F. M. Hall and L. G. Hepler, Chem. Rev., 1976, 76, 283-310 (400). 

V.N. Yeremenko, G.M. Lukashenko, V.R. Sidorko. Thermodynamic properties of vanadium, chromium and manganese silicides at elevated temperatures // Rev.Intern. Haut.Temp.Refract.- 1975.- V.12, No.3.- P.237-240. 

Ball J. W. and Nordstrom D. K. (1998) Critical evaluation and selection of standard state thermodynamic properties for chromium metal and its aqueous ions, hydrolysis species, oxides, and hydroxides. J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 895-918. 

Kelly et al. (6) investigated experimentally the thermodynamic properties of the chromium carbides. They measured the C0(g) equilibrium pressure in four distinct systems. A combination of our analyses of these four equilibria (7 ) leads to AjH (Cr20g, cr, 298.15 K) -269.9 kcal mol . ... 

GON/LUK] Goncharuk, L. V., Lukashenko, G. M., Thermodynamic properties of chromium selenide Cr2Sc3, Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 60, (1986), 1089-1090. Cited on page 344. 

And] Anderssson, J.-O., Sundman, B., Thermodynamic Properties of the Chromium-Iron System , Calphad, 11(1), 83-92 (1987) (Assessment, Calculation, Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, 51)... 

Zai] Zaitsev, A.I., Shelkova, N.E., Mogutnov, B.M., Thermodynamic Properties of Iron-Chromium-... 

The constitution of many ferritic steels includes chromium and vanadium as basic alloying elements. Knowledge of the phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of the Cr-Fe-V system is essential to imder-stand the behavior of such iron-based alloys. 

Goncharuk LV, Lukashenko GM (1986) Thermodynamic properties of chromium selenides, Cr2Se3. Russ J Phys Chem 60 1089-1089... 

Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten Thermodynamic Properties, Chemical Equilibria, and Standard Potentials... 

In this figure, for zero pH (pH = 0 rev,oxide = the passivation potentials of chromium and iron do not match the standard potentials of the oxides Cr203 and Fc203 listed in Table 6.8. One explanation is that kinetic limitations lead to a higher passivation potential than predicted by thermodynamics. Another reason could be that the listed standard potentials were measured on bulk samples. The extreme thinness of passive films could influence their thermodynamic properties. In addition, their composition does not always correspond to a simple stoichiometry. For example, chromium-iron alloys form passive films containing both iron and chromium cations and their passivation (Figure 6.9) lie between those of iron and chromium. Then again, they exhibit the same pH dependence as the pure metals. 

Physical and Chemical Properties. Titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] occurs in nature in three crystalline forms anatase [1317-70-0] brookite [12188-41 -9] and mtile [1317-80-2]. These crystals are essentially pure titanium dioxide but contain small amounts of impurities, such as iron, chromium, or vanadium, which darken them. Rutile is the thermodynamically stable form at all temperatures and is one of the two most important ores of titanium. 

Chromium compounds number in the thousands and display a wide variety of colors and forms. Examples of these compounds and the corresponding physical properties are given in Table 1. More detailed and complete information on solubiUties, including some solution freezing and boiling points, can be found in References 7—10, and 13. Data on the thermodynamic values for chromium compounds are found in References 7, 8, 10, and 13. 

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