Chromium sensor

System component Reaction tanks, a reagent storage and feed system, mixers, sensors, and controls for continuous chromium reduction. A single above-ground concrete tank with retention time of 45 min is provided. For batch operation, dual above-ground concrete tanks with 4h retention time are provided. 

M.S. Lin, T.F. Tseng, and W.C. Shih, Chromium(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)-based chemical sensor for the cathodic determination of hydrogen peroxide. Analyst 123, 159-163 (1998). 

Zhou Z, Yu M, Yang H et al (2008) FRET-based sensor for imaging chromium(III) in living cells. Chem Commun 3387-3389... 

Synthesis, Characterisation and Analytical Applications of Novel Potentiometric Sensor Chromium (III) Boratotungstophosphate... 

AFM has been used to study surface molecules under different conditions. Colloidal system studies by AFM AFM has allowed scientists to be able to study molecular forces between molecules at very small (almost molecular size) distances. Further, it is a very attractive and sensitive tool for such measurements. In a recent study, the colloidal force as a function of pH of Si02 immersed in the aqueous phase was reported using AFM. The force between an Si02 sphere (ca. 5 mm diameter) and a chromium oxide surface in the aqueous phase of sodium phosphate were measured (pH from 3 to 11). The Si02 sphere was attached to the AFM sensor as shown in Figure 10.3. 

Electric arcs, in metal vapor synthesis, 1, 224 Electric-field-induced second harmonic generation Group 8 metallocenes, 12, 109 for hyperpolarizability measurement, 12, 107 Electrochemical cell assembly, in cyclic voltammetry, 1, 283 Electrochemical irreversibility, in cyclic voltammetry, 1, 282 Electrochemical oxidation, arene chromium carbonyls, 5, 258 Electrochemical properties, polyferrocenylsilanes, 12, 332 Electrochemical reduction, bis-Cp Zr(III) and (IV) compounds, 4, 745 Electrochemical sensors biomolecule—ferrocene conjugates... 

In another high-pressure detector, Manganin, gold-chromium, platinum, or lead wire sensors are wound helically on a core. The electrical resistance of these wire materials will change in proportion to the pressure experienced on their surfaces. The pressure-resistance relationship of Manganin... 

Another important application is in the refining of steels when the oxygen content must be controlled at the parts per million level and monitored continuously on line and many oxygen sensors are currently used in the steel industry for this purpose. The principle of operation is as described for the lambda sensor and one form is shown schematically in Fig. 4.39. In this case the reference activity is established by a chromium metal/chromium oxide mix rather than being defined by air. 

Fig. 10.23 shows a cross-sectional view of a typical circuit for a scanner, and shows the p-i-n sensor and the pass transistor. This particular circuit takes nine mask levels. The metals used are chromium and aluminum, the former for contacts to the TFTs and sensors and the latter for the interconnecting lines. The transparent conducting contact to the sensor is made with ITO and polyimide is used for passivation and isolation of the devices. 

Zhou, Z.G, Yu, M.X., Yang, H., et al. (2008) ERET-based sensor for imaging chromium(III) in Uving cells. Chemical Communications, 3387-3389. 

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