Cholesterol levels definition

The result of the Phase II trial is information needed to determine the effective dose and the dosing regimen of frequency and duration. Specihc chnical endpoints or markers are used to assess interaction of drug and disease. There are two types of markers definitive and surrogate. For example, in the case of cancer or hypertension, the definitive markers are mortality and stroke, respectively, and the surrogate markers may be tumor size, or cancer-associated proteins p53, TGF-a in the case of cancer, and blood pressure or cholesterol level in hypertension. Statistical analysis is carried out to evaluate the... 

The cholesterol lowering agent AY-99 (l) has been studied extensively in the rat, pig, dog and cockerel.It Inhibits the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol and cholesterol levels in the serum, liver, adrenals, kidney and aorta are decreased while the precursor levels are increased. The compound has been used as a tool to study the course of cholesterol biosynthesis. Study of a series of structural analogs has allowed a definition of the structural requirements for this type of activity. ... 

Whereas hypercholesterolemia is present in all patients according to definition, other signs or symptoms such as xanthomas may or may not occur in an individual with EFH, depending on at least two factors, the age of the patient and his plasma cholesterol level. This does not imply that the relation between plasma cholesterol and development of xanthomas is completely predictable. The importance of tissue factors should also be considered in their pathogenesis. One opinion (Hirschhorn... 

In general the cholesterol level of the plasma has a tendency to be higher in patients with atherosclerosis. As is well known, the cholesterol value alone cannot give definitive information about the presence of vascular... 

A definite seasonal variation in cholesterol levels (usually higher in winter months) has been seen in a number of studies. Scientists from the National Institutes of Health in the US carried out one of the finest studies in this area. They examined carefully the data from the 10 American Lipid Research Climes. They observed that the etiology of their findings was unknown but they found the total and LDL cholesterol levels varied inversely with length of day. The level of HDL cholesterol varied much less, but its variation was correlated directly with ambient temperature. The foregoing does not reduce the importance of measuring cholesterol levels but makes it important to take into consideration the subjects physical and mental state as well as time of year. 

These elfects on cerebrovascular events and on intermittent claudication suggest that simvastatin and other elfective lipid-lowering treatments may have a general antiatherosclerotic elfect not limited to the coronary bed. Definitive evidence on the elfects of statin therapy in stroke prevention and peripheral vessel disease is likely to be provided by the Heart Protection Study (MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group, 1999). As noted above, this UK study has randomized over 20,000 patients aged up to 80 to simvastatin 40 mg or placebo, and the 5-year treatment period is scheduled for completion in 2001. Among these patients are 3288 patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease. Because of its size and the broad array of patient types randomized, this study should also provide reliable evidence of the elfect of simvastatin on coronary morbidity and mortality in women, elderly patients, patients with low levels of LDL and HDL cholesterol, patients with peripheral vascular disease, and diabetic patients with or without coronary disease (MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group, 1999). 

That s why it is absolutely essential that men and women with diabetes learn and practice their ABCs. A stands for hemoglobin AlC, typically stated simply as AlC. This is a measurement of average glucose, blood sugar, levels over a two- to three-month period. Have that test done at least twice a year you ll want the results to be less than 7 percent. B represents blood pressure. We ll discuss that in detail in this chapter your target should be less than 130/80 mm Hg, the definition of hypertension for diabetic individuals, as compared with 140/80 for people without the disease. Of course, the lower the better. And C stands for cholesterol, especially the bad LDL cholesterol. Yours should be less than 100 mg/dl—as low as possible. You ll want to pay particular attention to chapter 11. 

The second set of tools involves imparting some of this information to the patient. This can be done verbally, with written educational materials, with videotapes, or a combination thereof. The level of the material should be adjusted for the educational level of the patient population. The information should include definitions of cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins factors that increase or decrease these values and the goals for the patient. A risk calculator that can be used to illustrate to patients how their individual factors increase or decrease their risk of a coronary event should also be included. 

A.3.2 The liver is an organ with many functions and the very definition of its metabolic state can be very complicated. Some of the major functions of the liver are to produce enzymes to break down fats and proteins and the conversion of sugars into proteins and vice versa. The liver makes most amino acids and will process nitrogen waste to make urea, which is excreted in the urine. The liver detoxifies many materials that are ingested and will metabolize drugs and alcohol. It stores certain vitamins, breaks down hemoglobin (from red blood cells) and maintains the level of glucose in the blood. It also makes 80% of the cholesterol in the body. 

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