Chlorophenols biodegradation

FIGURE 9.20 Outline of the biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol, 4-chloroaniline, 4-chlorobenzoate, and chlorobenzene. 

Kuo, C. and Genthner, B., Effect of added heavy metal ions on biotransformation and biodegradation of 2-chlorophenol and 3-chlorobenzoate in anaerobic bacterial consortia, Appl Environ Microbiol, 62 (7), 2317-2323, 1996. 

Choi, S.H., Moon, S.H., and Gu, M.B., Biodegradation of chlorophenols using the cell-free culture broth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized in polyurethane foam, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 77, 999-1004, 2002. 

Biological. In activated sludge, 31.5% of the applied chlorobenzene mineralized to carbon dioxide after 5 d (Freitag et al., 1985). A mixed culture of soil bacteria or a Pseudomonas sp. transformed chlorobenzene to chlorophenol (Ballschiter and Scholz, 1980). Pure microbial cultures isolated from soil hydroxylated chlorobenzene to 2- and 4-chlorophenol (Smith and Rosazza, 1974). Chlorobenzene was statically incubated in the dark at 25 °C with yeast extract and settled domestic wastewater inoculum. At a concentration of 5 mg/L, biodegradation yields at the end of 1 and 2 wk were 89 and 100%, respectively. At a concentration of 10 mg/L, significant... 

Balfanz, J. Rehm, H-J. (1991). Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol by adsorptive immobilized Alcaligenes sp. A 7-2 in soil. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35,662-8. 

Boyd, S. A. Shelton, D. R. (1984). Anaerobic biodegradation of chlorophenols in fresh and acclimated sludge. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 41, 272-7. 

McBain, A., Cui, F., Herbert, L. Ruddick, J. N. R. (1995). The microbial degradation of chlorophenolic preservatives in spent, pressure-treated timber. Biodegradation, 6,47-55. 

Puhakka, J.A., Herwig, R. P., Koro, P. M., Wolfe, G. V. Ferguson, J.F. (1995b). Biodegradation of chlorophenols by mixed and pure cultures from a fluidized-bed reactor. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 42, 951-7. 

Biodegradation of 2-chlorophenol using immobilized activated sludge. Research Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 62, 73-80. 

Wang,X. Ruckenstein,E. (1994). Immobilization of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on porous polyurethane particles with application to biodegradation of 2-chlorophenol. Biotechnology Techniques, 8, 339-44. 

Woods, S. L., Ferguson, J. F. Benjamin, M. M. (1989). Characterization of chlorophenol and chloromethoxybenzene biodegradation during anaerobic treatment. Environmental Science and Technology, 23, 62-8. 

Pentachlorophenol, a widely used wood preservative, is considered to be moderately biorefractory with a biodegradation rate constant of 3 x 1012 L/ cell/hr, a log of 5.01, and a vapor pressure of 1.1 x 10-4 mmHg at 20°C. Watts et al. (1990) carried out completely mixed batch tests by treating penta-chlorophenol-contaminated soils with Fenton s reagent. Mineralization of pentachlorophenol (PCP) was studied in commercially available silica sand and two natural soils by removal of parent compound and total organic carbon with corresponding stoichiometric recovery of chloride. The soluble iron concentration decreased over the first 3 hr of treatment, and the concentration remained relatively constant thereafter. A possible mechanism for iron precipitation was proposed as follows ... 

Banerjee, S., P.H. Howard, A.M. Rosenberg, A.E. Dombrowski, H. Sikka, and D.L. Tullis. 1984. Development of a general kinetic model for biodegradation and its application in chlorophenols and related compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 416-422. 

Beltrame, P, Beltrame, P.L., Cartini, P, Guardione, D., Lanzetta, C. (1988) Inhibiting action of chlorophenols on biodegradation of phenol and its correlation with structured structural properties of inhibitors. Biotechn. Bioeng. 31, 821-828. 

Mileski GJ, Bumpus JA, Jurek MA, Aust SD. Biodegradation of penta-chlorophenol by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988 54 2885-2889. 

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