Chlorogenic acid, growth

Sundower Seed. Compared to the FAO/WHO/UNU recommendations for essential amino acids, sunflower proteins are low in lysine, leucine, and threonine for 2 to 5-year-olds but meet all the requirements for adults (see Table 3). There are no principal antinutritional factors known to exist in raw sunflower seed (35). However, moist heat treatment increases the growth rate of rats, thereby suggesting the presence of heat-sensitive material responsible for growth inhibitions in raw meal (72). Oxidation of chlorogenic acid may involve reaction with the S-amino group of lysine, thus further reducing the amount of available lysine. 

Phenolic compounds naturally occurring in plants have induced many physiological responses that duplicate those reported for ozone and/or peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN). Chlorogenic acid is a competitive inhibitor of lAA-oxidase (35) and plant growth is adversely affected by increased concentrations of auxins (36). Concentrations of chlorogenic acid are increased in tobacco tissue exposed to ozone ( ) Phenols inhibit ATP synthesis (37), oxidative phosphorylation ( ) and SH enzyme activity (27) they increase respiration (38), reduce CO2 fixation (22), modify both membrane permeability (40) and oxidation rate of reduced NADH... 

Einhellig, F. A., Rice, E. L., Risser, P. G., and Wender, S. FI. 1970. Effects of scopoletin on growth, CO2 exchange rates, and concentration of scopoletin, scopolin, and chlorogenic acids in tobacco, sunflower, and pigweed. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 97, 22-33... 

Subsequent tests with velvetleaf, Kodkia, Jerusalem artichoke, and cocklebur showed that their allelopathic action altered water balance (55,94,95). Growth reductions in sorghum and soybean seedlings in nutrient solution amended with extracts from these weeds correlated with high diffusive resistances and low leaf water potentials. Stomatal closure occurred in plants treated with the more concentrated extracts. Depressions in water potential were due to a reduction in both turgor pressure and osmotic potential. A lower relative water content was also found in velvetleaf-treated plants. These impacts on water balance were not from osmotic factors. Allelochemicals from these weeds have not been thoroughly ascertained, but the present evidence shows that some contain phenolic inhibitors. Lodhi (96) reported that Kodkia contains ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, and quercetin. As noted earlier, an effect on plant-water relationships is one mechanism associated with the action of ferulic acid. 

Polyphenol Oxidase. Peroxidase, and Lipoxygenase in Resistance. Polyphenol oxidase in conjunction with chlorogenic acid as a substrate has the potential to reduce the ability of larval H. zea and S. exigua to utilize dietary protein. For example, alkylation of casein in artificial diet (at 1.0% wwt) by PPO (from mushroom or tomato plant) and chlorogenic acid, at levels commensurate with that found in tomato foliage, inhibits the growth of both larval species by up to 70% (Table 1). Rutin is a very poor substrate for mushroom tyrosinase and tomato PPO (79 unpubl data), and hence,... 

Relative growth based on untreated casein as 100% Total AAA-total /imoles of alkylatable amino acids (lysine, histidine, methionine, and cysteine) per 100 gm of diet Dietary proteins at 1.0% protein alkylated with 3.5 mM chlorogenic acid/kg diet wwt. 

Relative growth - mg/day/mg of larva lipoxygenase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase were added to diet at activities corresponding to that found in tomato foliage rutin and chlorogenic acid at 3.5 mM/kg diet wwt. Significant differences between means within a column, based 95% confidence intervals from ANOVA, are shown by different letters. PPO - 0.100 O.D./min/gm diet wwt. POD - 27.0 O.D./min/gm diet wwt. 

Maysin (Fig. Ic), the main representative of the third class of inhibitory compounds, the flavonoid glycosides, was shown to be active against the com earworm and was identified as the antibiotic factor in the exotic strain of corn, Zapalote Chico (10). The mode of action of maysin in inhibiting the growth of the corn earworm is similar to that of chlorogenic acid (9). 

We have found compounds (chlorogenic acid and scopoletin) in tobacco rdots that inhibit the growth of the black shank fungus in a laboratory bioassay. 

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