Chlorite properties

Chlorous Acid. The physical properties of HCIO2 have been determined using acidified alkah metal chlorite solutions. The existence of HCIO2 is based on spectroscopic evidence (6,13,97). 

Chlorine dioxide, discovered in 1811 by Davy, was prepared from the reaction of potassium chlorate with hydrochloric acid. Early experimentation showed that chlorine dioxide exhibited strong oxidizing and bleaching properties. In the 1930s, the Mathieson Alkali Works developed the first commercial process for preparing chlorine dioxide from sodium chlorate. By 1939, sodium chlorite was established as a commercial product for the generation of chlorine dioxide. 

Hypochlorites, chlorites, chlorates and perchlorates all represent the same dangers, which are linked to the fact that they are strong oxidants. The danger is not directly linked to the importance of the oxidation state of chlorine atom and this is partly for kinetic reasons. The main factors of the accidents described in the technical literature are not the intrinsic properties of each anion, but rather the frequency with which they are used. So chlorates and perchlorates are more often involved in accidents than hypochlorites and especially chlorites, which are hardly used. Thus the classification below does not provide positive indications about the dangerous properties of each substance mention. ... 

The light fastness of the vic-triazole 11.17 on nylon is 4-5 as on cotton this is significantly superior to that of the DAST derivatives. Unlike the DAST types, the vic-triazole is also stable towards a sodium chlorite bleach. Applied to nylon in combination with sodium chlorite, compound 11.17 can give exceptionally high whiteness and excellent fastness properties. 

The immunological properties of a modified S14, obtained on treatment with D-galactose oxidase and subsequent oxidation of the aldehyde group to a carboxyl group with chlorite, have been investigated.45... 

Many of the salts which have been prepared are explosive and sensitive to heat or impact. These include chlorites of copper (violent on impact), hydrazine (monochlorite, inflames when dry), nickel (explodes at 100°C but not on impact), silver (at 105° or on impact), sodium, tetramethylammonium, mercury, thallium and lead (which shows detonator properties). Several other chlorites not isolated and unstable in solution include mono-, di- and tri-methylammonium chlorites. The metal salts are powerful oxidants [1], Chlorites are much less stable than the corresponding chlorates, and most will explode under shock or on heating to around 100°C [2], Individually indexed compounds are ... 

These experts collectively have knowledge of chlorine dioxide and chlorite s physical and chemical properties, toxicokinetics, key health end points, mechanisms of action, human and animal exposure, and quantification of risk to humans. All reviewers were selected in conformity with the conditions for peer review specified in Section 104(I)(13) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, as amended. 

Physical and Chemical Properties of Chlorine Dioxide and Sodium Chlorite... 

The database for health effects related to dermal exposure to chlorine dioxide or chlorite is extremely limited. No reports were located regarding adverse effects in humans following dermal exposure to chlorine dioxide or chlorite. Available information in animals is restricted to a report that a solution containing chlorine dioxide concentrations of approximately 9.7-11.4 mg/L was nonirritating to the skin of mice in a 48-hour test. Dermal exposure to high concentrations would be expected to result in irritation, due to the oxidizing properties of chlorine dioxide and chlorite. Sodium chlorite was not carcinogenic in mice treated dermally for 51 weeks. Nor did sodium chlorite appear to be a cancer promoter in mice... 

Distribution. No information was located regarding the transport of chlorine dioxide or chlorite in the blood. However, based on the fact that the strong oxidizing property of chlorine dioxide likely results in rapid conversion to chlorite (also a strong oxidizer) in biological systems, and ultimately to chloride ion, it would be expected that distribution would follow normal ionic distribution patterns. 

Likewise, mechanisms responsible for the developmental effects observed in laboratory animals exposed to chlorine dioxide or chlorite are not known. They might be related to the oxidative properties of these chemicals. Although overt signs of neurodevelopmental effects (delays in exploratory activity and general locomotor activity) and altered serum th5Toid hormone have been observed concurrently in animals that had been exposed via their mothers during pre and postpartiun development, a mechanistic basis has not been investigated. 

Information regarding the physical and chemical properties of chloride dioxide and sodium chlorite is located in Table 4-2. Table 4-2 lists important physical and chemical properties of chloride dioxide and sodium chlorite, but is not intended to be all inclusive. 

Physical and Chemical Properties. The relevant physical and chemical properties of chlorine dioxide and chlorite ions and salts are well-known (see Section 4.2). 

Nearly anhydrous Tb(C102)3 and Er(ClC>2)3 have been prepared, but none of their properties have been reported. Chlorites of several other rare earths (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) have been prepared as hydrates.86... 

Dixon, J. B. and M. L. Jackson. 1962. Properties of intergradient chlorite-expansible layer silicates of soils. Soil Sci, Soc. Am. Proc. 26 358-362. 

The basic experiment that demonstrated the effects of molecular ordering is a rather simple one. Southern pine chips were delignified using the acid chlorite process at 60°C, then extracted with caustic solutions to remove the hemicelluloses. The pulp was then divided into two batches. One was used as a control the other was immersed in distilled water inside stainless steel vessels and heated through the temperature cycle of a typical kraft cook. During this cycle, the pulp was held at 170°C for approximately 2 h. The two batches of pulp were then used to make handsheets, and their papermaking properties were compared. 

However, these physicochemical investigations were to a substantial extent approximate and incomplete, due to the lack of thermodynamic constants of many rock-forming minerals (amphiboles, micas, chlorites, etc.) to imprecision in the tabulated calculated constants (siderite, ferrosilite, fayalite, etc.) to the substantial discrepancies between theoretical and experimental equilibrium data and to the lack of data on the properties of the fluid at high pressures. Moreover, many thermodynamic calculations were made by approximate methods, which led to substantial errors. 

---