Chlorine stabilization

A polar substituent, such as chlorine, stabilizes the transition states in which the incoming nucleophile and the polar group are remote (Figure 6, L = Cl). 

However, in a 1963 lecture it was pointed out that ether soaps had special characterics [10], i.e., good biodegradability, mildness to the skin, and less corrosiveness to metals, and that we should expect these soaps to play an important role in the future. However, the real breakthrough of the ether carboxylates came in the 1980s, when environmental properties of surfactants became even more important along with other properties of ether carboxylates such as chlorine stability, anticorrosiveness, lime soap dispersibility, electrolyte stability, alkaline stability, and so on. 

Acid, alkali, and chlorine stability Highly alkali and acid stability (up to 25% KOH or 75% H3P04)... 

The new stabilized bromine antimicrobial is an excellent antimicrobial having been proven superior in field and laboratory experiments compared to chlorine, stabilized chlorine, and equal to or better than solid hypobromite antimicrobials. The product is effective for the control of microbial biofilms and highly diverse microbial communities, including those that harbor Legionella. 

Quantro II rejection barrier was selected with chlorine stability as an objective. Sulfonation is an oxidation reaction. High levels of sulfonation imply the potential for stability against chlorine and other oxidizing agents. 

Concentration Method. The concentration procedure that was developed and evaluated was a RO-Donnan dialysis system (4). The initial objective during method development was to conduct membranescreening tests to evaluate the suitability of various RO and ion-exchange membranes. The four membranes considered for final evaluation on the basis of solute rejection, chlorine stability, and artifact production were the cellulose acetate and FT-30 (Film Tec) RO membranes, the Nafion cation-exchange membrane, and the ION AC MA 3475 anion-exchange membrane. 

Maximum chlorine stability is obtained when the Macol 40, diluted with water, is completely absorbed by the phosphate mixture. Step 1 avoids temperature control problems and eliminates the need for an aging period. 

STPP enhances chlorine stability. May be eliminated in phosphate restricted areas. 

To achieve maximum chlorine stability of the formulated detergent, the following process is suggested for the mixing of raw materials ... 

The mixing sequence given above is necessary for maintaining maximum chlorine stability. 

Isocyanurate products are made by combining chlorine with cyanuric acid (CYA). The CYA acts as a chlorine stabilizer in preventing the rapid depletion of chlorine from the cooling system by ultraviolet (UV) light. 

Acyl chlorides are Bronsted-Lowry acids, and, just like aldehydes, they donate an a-hydrogen. The electron withdrawing chlorine stabilizes the conjugate base more than the lone hydrogen of an aldehyde, making acyl chlorides significantly stronger acids than aldehydes. 

No chemicals accumulating in the pool (chlorine stabilizer of chlorine pellets)... 

When chlorination process is used for treatment of sludge and septage, it can also be called chlorine stabilization process (3,5-8). 

Inorganic Chemical Conditioning and Stabilization chapter introduces various chemical conditioning and stabilization processes (including chlorine stabilization) for sludge treatment (3). 

A summary of the typical design criteria for chlorine stabilization of septage is presented in below ... 

Table I. Effects of Preparation Conditions on Available Chlorine Stabilities of Cl-TSP...

USE As standard in alkalimetry in acid cleaning in nitrite removal in chlorine stabilization for use in swimming pools, cooling towers, paper mills. The acid Or its ammonium salt has been recommended for flameproofing fabrics and wood. Metal salts are used in electroplating. Ammonium sulfa-mate, q.v., is also widely used as a weed killer. Caution Moderately irritating to skin, mucous membranes. 

Buch, P. R., lagan Mohan, D., and Reddy, A. V. R. 2008. Preparation, characterization and chlorine stability of aromatic-cycloahphatic polyamide thin film composite membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 309 36-44. 

Liu, M., Wu, D., Yu, S., and Gao, C. 2009. Influence of the polyacyl chloride structure on the reverse osmosis performance, surface properties and chlorine stability of the thin-fihn composite polyamide membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 326 205-214. 

The fouling stability and the chlorine stability were studied. As a model foulant, bovine serum albumin was used. An improved fouling resistance was found [86]. 

The addition of heat stabilizers improves the thermal stability of polymers. One group of commercially available PVC heat stabilizers are Ca/Zn stabilizers. According to the Erye-Horst mechanism (Thomas 1993), the zinc fatty acid salt reacts with PVC by an esterifying displacement of chlorine. Stabilization arises from substimtion of labile chlorine atoms with more stable carboxylate groups (Scheme 14.2) ... 

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