Chlorine procurement

The existing Sydney and Melbourne plants were well out of phase with market requirements in their respective states, requiring additional transport costs to move product to the market. However, the market requirements for NSW and Victoria/ South Australia/Tasmania are sufficiently close that identical sized plants could be built, with significant cost savings in engineering and procurement compared with construction of two plants of differing capacity. The Melbourne and Sydney chlor-alkali plants are therefore identical up to the point of manufacture of compressed, dry chlorine. Even the plant layout has been kept identical. 

Because of the wide availability of chlor-alkali technology, it was decided to tender for fixed-price contracts for engineering, procurement and construction of the two chlor-alkali plants. The other areas - namely Outside Battery Limits for both plants and the chlor-paraffin plant in Melbourne - were managed by Orica under separate contracts. The chlor-paraffin plant process design (batch chlorination of paraffin oil and wax) was carried out in-house by Orica. 

NapMhalin is readily procured by the distillation of coal-tar, but its quantity is considerably enlarged if chlorine be transmitted into ho menstruum, or if the latter be treated with bleaching powder, water, and sulphuric acid. Naphthalin always passes over last in the distillation of tar, mixed, however, with paranaplr-thalin, from whjch it is separated by treatment with alcohol, in which menstruum the latter is insoluble ... 

Chloride of Silver—hornsUver—Ag 01—is procured by adding a solution of chlorine, of hydrochlorfo acid, or of chloride of sodium, to nitrate of silver, or to any of the soluble salts of silver, with the exception of the hyposulphite. Thus—... 

Large-scale manufacture of butyl rubber started during World War II, in the scope of the U.S. Government rubber-procurement program, and the actual process is essentially similar to the historical one [9]. Bromi-nated butyl (BIIR) was introduced in the 1950s by Goodrich Chemical Co. [54-56] but substantial commercial development occurred only in 1971 when the Polysar Ltd continuous and economic manufacturing process based on elemental bromine came onstream [57]. Production of chlorinated butyl (CIIR) was introduced on a commercial scale by Exxon Chemical in 1961. 

When packaged, calcium hypochlorite is very stable therefore, an annual supply can be purchased in a single procurement. However, it is hygroscopic (readily absorbs moisture), and reacts slowly with atmospheric moisture to form chlorine gas. Therefore, shipping containers must be emptied completely or carefully rescaled. Bulk handhng systems cannot be used. 

I have endeavoured to procure the gas, by passing a mixture of carbonic oxide and chlorine through an earthen-ware tube heated to redness but without success. 

An improved version of the World War I orchard sprayer decontamination apparatus was fielded to provide ground and equipment decontamination. It could also be used for plain water showers for soldiers (Figure 2-39). For treatment of gas casualties, the CWS standardized the M5 Protective Ointment Kit. This kit came in a small, waterproof container and held four tubes of M5 Protective Ointment wrapped in cheesecloth and a tube of BAL (British anti-Lewisite) Eye Ointment. The protective ointment was used to liberate chlorine to neutralize vesicant agents on the skin. The BAL ointment neutralized Lewisite in and around the eye by changing it to a nontoxic compound. Over 25 million of the kits were procured for the army.26 35 105 Biological Warfare Program... 

Faraday in his diary says Ampere, Clement, and Desormes came this morning [23 November 1813] to show Sir H. Davy a new substance, discovered, about two years ago, by M. Courtois, saltpetre manufacturer. The process by which it is obtained is not yet publicly known. It is said to be procured from a very common substance, and in considerable quantities . Very little information would seem to have been given to Davy, who at first (says Faraday) thought it was a compound of chlorine and an unknown body, although the entry for the same day says Davy now thinks it contains no chlorine . On I December, Faraday says, Davy had made many experiments on it with his travelling apparatus M. Clement has lately read a paper on it... in which he says it is procured from the ashes of sea-weeds by lixiviation and treatment with sulphuric acid. He conceives it to be a new supporter of combustion. On 3 December, Davy was working on it in Chevreul s laboratory and on ii December he concluded that as yet it must be considered as a simple body . 

Gaseous Products Gases like Oxygen, Nitrogen are filled up under high pressure. All the fittings should be tested to be leak proof at up to 150-200 kg/cm and approved by statutory authorities. Gas cyUnders should be procured from approved manufacturers only and should have serial no, test pressure, date of discontinuation from service marked. Separate record should be kept for each of the gas cylinder procured. The valves should be tested prior to purchase. Only standard colour code should be followed, e g. yellow for chlorine, black for oxygen etc. by the manufacturer. 

Description. Today, the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate is the most important surfactant used. Linear chains are preferred over the branched ones due to their improved biodegradability. The reaction of linear olefins or chlorinated straight-chain paraffins with benzene in the presence of Friedel-Crafts-type catalysts (AICI3 or HF) yields linear alkylbenzene (LAB), the precursor of LAS this raw material can be procured under very attractive commercial conditions. The LAB isomer distribution depends on the type of catalyst selected. Isomers with the phenyl in the 2-position are present at about 20% and 30% in the mixture resulting from HF- and AlCls-catalyzed processes, respectively. 

While procurement of most chemicals was usually a simple commercial transaction, in the case of some half-dozen real complications arose. This half-dozen included hexachlorocthane for smoke mixture, thermite, barium nitrate, barium chromate, magnesium for incendiary bombs, and chlorine. ... 

The emergency period witnessed a steadily increasing demand for chlorine. With the inauguration of its procurement program in the summer of... 

The procurement and distribution chapters of the volume arc based chiefly on official records and reports of the Chemical Warfare Service and higher echelons of the Army and on documents in such private depositories as the Chlorine Institute, New York City, and the Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C. Much of this recorded material was supplemented by interviews and correspondence with key participants. There are two published volumes that make reference to CWS procurement and supply activities. These are Benedict Crowell s, Americans Munitions, 1917-1918 (Washington, 1919), which discusses the World War I period, and a volume entitled Tire Chemical Warfare Service in World War 11 A report of Accomplishments, published in 1948, which devotes a chapter to CWS procurement and supply activities in World War II. The latter volume was prepared by the Historical Office for the Chief of the Chemical Corps and was published by the Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York City, for the Chemical Corps Association. 

These same files, supplemented by other source material, were consulted for the emergency and war periods. The author found valuable information on the Chemical Advisory Committee to the Army-Navy Munitions Board in the files of the Chlorine Institute and the Manufacturing Chemists Association. He also searched the retired files of the Army-Navy Munitions Board, some of which were in the National Archives and others in the Pentagon. He obtained data on various aspects of CWS procurement and distribution from retired files of the Assistant Secretary of War (ASW), the Under Secretary of War (USW), the Army Service Forces (ASF), the Operations Division (OPD) of the War Department General Staff, the War Production Board (WPD), and the War Department Manpower Board (WDMB), all in the National Archives. 

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