Crowell, Benedict

Crowell, Benedict, America s Munitions, 1917-1918, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1919. 

Crowell, Benedict. America sMunitiom, 1917—1918, 2 vols. (Washington, DC US Government Printing Office, 1920). 

Crowell, Benedict and Robert Forrest Wilson. The Armies of Industry, I Our Nation s Manufacture for a World in Arms, 1917-1918 (New Haven Yale University Press, 1921). 

Its facilities, including its power plant and dams, later became part of the Tennessee Valley Authority, and found their use in World War II. For the history of American munitions mobilization, see Benedict Crowell, America s Munitions, 1917-1918 (Washington, DC, 1920), 2 vols. 

Benedict Crowell, America s Munitions, 1917—1918 (Washington, DC Government Printing Office,... 

Benedict Crowell, Assistant Secretary of War, Director of Munitions,... 

There are several published volumes which discuss the origin and activities of the Chemical Warfare Service in World Wat I. These include Benedict Crowell, America s Munitions, i ij-i iS (Washington GPO, 1919) Amos A. Fries and Clarence J. West, Chemical Warfare (New York McGraw Hill, 1921) and Medical Aspects of Gas Warfare, Volume XIV of the series MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE WORLD WAR (Washington GPO, 1926). Volumes XV and XVI of the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN THE WORLD WAR (Washington GPO, 1948), prepared by the Historical Division, Special Staff United States Army, contain data on the Chemical Warfare Service, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). More valuable as a source of information is the official history of the Chemical Warfare Service, American Expeditionary Forces, a copy of which is on file in the Chemical Corps Historical Office. Especially useful in this history are the appendixes which ate copies of pertinent directives. On the organizational development of the Chemical Warfare Service in the zone of interior, the most fmitful sources of information are M. T. Bogert s and W. H. Walker s History of the Chemical Service Section, on file at the Technical Library, Army Chemical Center, Maryland, and the annual reports of the CWS for the years 1918, 1919, and 1920. The retired CWS files in the National Archives contain some important documents. 

Unless otherwise indicated this section is based on the following (1) Benedict Crowell. America s Munitions, pp. 410-31. (2) Bancroft, History CWS in the United States, pp. 83-103. (3) George A. Burrell, "The Research Division, Chemical Warfare Service, U.S.A., Industrial... 

The procurement and distribution chapters of the volume arc based chiefly on official records and reports of the Chemical Warfare Service and higher echelons of the Army and on documents in such private depositories as the Chlorine Institute, New York City, and the Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C. Much of this recorded material was supplemented by interviews and correspondence with key participants. There are two published volumes that make reference to CWS procurement and supply activities. These are Benedict Crowell s, Americans Munitions, 1917-1918 (Washington, 1919), which discusses the World War I period, and a volume entitled Tire Chemical Warfare Service in World War 11 A report of Accomplishments, published in 1948, which devotes a chapter to CWS procurement and supply activities in World War II. The latter volume was prepared by the Historical Office for the Chief of the Chemical Corps and was published by the Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York City, for the Chemical Corps Association. 

By the end of the war, gas was clearly in the ascendant. German gas production continued right up to the Armistice, although transport and distribution were disorganised. Allied gas production was increasing plans for 1919 envisaged British production of 4000 tons of gas per month, while Fries recommended US production of 14 900 tons per month. In 1920 Benedict Crowell (former US Assistant Secretary of War) testified that an offensive in 1919. .. would have been a walk to Berlin due to chemical warfare . 

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