Chlorine organic nitrogen

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) include organic compounds with appreciable vapor pressure. They make up a major class of air pollutants.I his class includes not only pure hydrocarbons but also partially oxidized hydrocarbons (organic acids, aldehydes, ketones), as well as organics containing chlorine, sulfur, nitrogen, or other atoms in the molecule. 

GC is coupled with many detectors for the analysis of pesticides in wastewater. At the present time the most popular is GC-MS, which will be discussed in more detail later in this section. The flame ionization detector (FID) is another nonselective detector that identifies compounds containing carbon but does not give specific information on chemical structure (but is often used for quantification because of the linear response and sensitivity). Other detectors are specific and only detect certain species or groups of pesticides. They include electron capture,nitrogen-phosphorus, thermionic specific, and flame photometric detectors. The electron capture detector (ECD) is very sensitive to chlorinated organic pesticides, such as the organochlorine compounds (OCs, DDT, dieldrin, etc.). It has a long history of use in many environmental methods,... 

Li J, Blatchley ER III (2007) Volatile disinfection byproduct formation resulting from chlorination of organic - Nitrogen precursors in swimming pools. Environ Sci Technol 41 (19) 6732-6739... 

To separate chlorinated organic compounds, a column temperature of 225°C. and a nitrogen carrier gas flow of 75 ml. per minute were used. The coulometer was operated at maximum sensitivity (512 ohms), at a damping position of 4 and a bias of 250. A silver-silver ion cell was used. 

The chemistry of chlorine discussed in this section includes hydrolysis and optimum pH range of chlorination, expression of chlorine disinfectant concentration, reaction mediated by sunlight, reactions with inorganics, reactions with ammonia, reactions with organic nitrogen, breakpoint reaction, reactions with phenols, formation of trihalomethanes, acid generation, and available chlorine. 

Figure 4 Down core trends in alkenone-normalized organic Nitrogen and total chlorins from ODP Site 723 (Oman Margin). The records extend from the late Holocene at the core top to —70 ka. Note the monotonic decrease of the two organic classes relative to alkenones. This behavior is consistent with the progressive degradation of these more labile components and the diagenetic stability of the C37 alkenones.

The chlorine residual may be either a free available residual, a combined available residual, or a combination of the two. Free available chlorine refers to the total concentration of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions. Combined available chlorine is the total concentration of mono- and dichloramines, plus nitrogen trichloride and organic nitrogen chlorine-containing compounds (1). 

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