Chlorine compounds and complexes

VIIL2 Chlorine compounds and complexes VIII.2.1 Solid and gaseous thorium chloride compounds VIIL2.1.1 ThChCcr), ThChCcr)... 

All the remaining halogens have unfilled d orbitals available and the covalency of the element can be expanded. Compounds and complex ions are formed both with other halogens and with oxygen in which the halogen can achieve a formal oxidation state as high as + 7. for example chlorine has formal oxidation states of +1 in the chlorate(I) anion CIO + 5 in the chlorate(V) anion CIO 3, and + 7 in the chlorate(VII) anion CIO4. ... 

Trisodium phosphate is strongly alkaline many of its appHcations depend on this property. For example, many heavy-duty cleaning compositions contain trisodium phosphate as a primary alkalinity source. The crystalline dodecahydrate itself is marketed as a cleaning compound and paint remover. Traditionally, trisodium phosphate has been used in water softening to remove polyvalent metal ions by precipitation as insoluble phosphates. Because the hypochlorite complex of trisodium phosphate provides solutions that are strongly alkaline and contain active chlorine, it is used in disinfectant cleaners, scouring powders, and automatic dishwashing formulations. 

In sulfamation, also termed A/-sulfonation, compounds of the general stmcture R2NSO2H are formed as well as their corresponding salts, acid hahdes, and esters. The reagents are sulfamic acid (amido—sulfuric acid), SO —pyridine complex, SO —tertiary amine complexes, ahphatic amine—SO. adducts, and chlorine isocyanate—SO complexes (3). 

Benzyl chloride is manufactured by the thermal or photochemical chlorination of toluene at 65—100°C (37). At lower temperatures the amount of ring-chlorinated by-products is increased. The chlorination is usually carried to no more than about 50% toluene conversion in order to minimize the amount of benzal chloride formed. Overall yield based on toluene is more than 90%. Various materials, including phosphoms pentachloride, have been reported to catalyze the side-chain chlorination. These compounds and others such as amides also reduce ring chlorination by complexing metallic impurities (38). 

Dipyridiue-chromium(VI) oxide2 was introduced as an oxidant for the conversion of acid-sensitive alcohols to carbonyl compounds by Poos, Arth, Beyler, and Sarett.3 The complex, dispersed in pyridine, smoothly converts secondary alcohols to ketones, but oxidations of primary alcohols to aldehydes are capricious.4 In 1968, Collins, Hess, and Frank found that anhydrous dipyridine-chromium(VI) oxide is moderately soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons and chose dichloro-methane as the solvent.5 By this modification, primary and secondary alcohols were oxidized to aldehydes and ketones in yields of 87-98%. Subsequently Dauben, Lorber, and Fullerton showed that dichloro-methane solutions of the complex are also useful for accomplishing allylic oxidations.6... 

To understand why a crystal of sodium chloride, an ionic compound, has a lower energy than widely separated sodium and chlorine atoms, we picture the formation of the solid as taking place in three steps sodium atoms release electrons, these electrons attach to chlorine atoms, and then the resulting cations and anions clump together as a crystal. Chemists often analyze complex processes by breaking them down into simpler steps such as these, and often consider hypothetical steps (steps that do not actually occur). 

The seminal studies on these complex compounds were conducted by Alfred Werner in an intensive period of work at the turn of the century. A typical example of the problems that Werner addressed lies in the various compounds which can be obtained containing cobalt, ammonia and chlorine. Stable and chemically distinct materials with formulations Co(NH3) Cl3 (n = 4,5 or 6) can be isolated. The concepts of valency and three-dimensional structure in carbon chemistry were being developed at that time, but it was apparent that the same rules could not apply to... 

Chemical analysis revealed that commercial food grade copper chlorophyllin is not a single, pure compound, but is a complex mixture of structurally distinct porphyrins, chlorin, and non-chlorin compounds with variable numbers of mono-, di-, and tri- carboxylic acid that may be present as either sodium or potassium salts. Although the composition of different chlorophyllin mixtures may vary, two compounds are commonly found in commercial chlorophyllin mixtures trisodium Cu (II) chlorin Cg and disodium Cu (II) chlorin which differ in the number of... 

Toxaphene is a complex mixture of compounds prepared by chlorinating camphene, and contains several hundred polychlorinated bornanes. After incubation with Sulfurospirillum (Dehalospirillum) multivorans only the hexa- (B6-923) and the heptachlorinated (B7-1001) remained. The nonachlorinated congener B9-1679 could be transformed by preferential dechlorination of the em-dichloro groups with formation of the heptachlorinated B7-1001 (Ruppe et al. 2003). Further examination showed that this congener could be dechlorinated to penta- and hexachlorinated bornanes (Ruppe et al. 2004). 

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