Chlorides of Tin

It lias not been analysed, but its composition is probably the same with that of gum-arabic. Cherry-tree gum is not thrown down either by silicate of potessa or by nitrate of mercury. It does not gelatinise with sesquichloride of iron, but a precipitate is produced on the addition of chloride of tin. 

Brasil-wood, two ounces chloride of tin, half a drachm titles of pure water, til] it ceases, or nearly so, to afford ... 

A form of ink known as Italian is merely terchloride of gold, the cloth being moistened before its application with a solution of chloride of tin. 

Brazil.—The chipped wood of the different species of the cmsalpinia growing in Brazil and the West Indies. That from Pernambuco is the hardest and beet.- When freshly cut it is light reddish-brown, but on exposure becomes of a brighter tint. It is used as a cheap tinctorial matter, and forms the material whence the lakes are made. Its color may be.extracted in soluble -form, by boiling four ounces of the wood in a quart of water containing one drachm of chloride of tin, and filtering. 

The use of tin involves a number of difficulties. The chlorides of tin produced in the presence of an excess of hydrochloric acid give chlorostannic acid, which combines with aniline and some other arylamines to form complex double salts as shown in equation (4). In order to decompose these salts alkali is used. A great excess must be employed in order to change the stannic hydroxide, which i,s formed, to soluble sodium stannate ... 

A number of elements form volatile chlorides that are partially or completely lost from hot hydrochloric acid solutions. Among these are the chlorides of tin(IV), germanium(IV), antimony(III), arsenic(III), and mercury(II). The oxychlorides of selenium and tellurium also volatilize to some extent from hot hydrochloric acid. The presence of chloride ion in hot concentrated sulfuric or perchloric acid solutions can cau.se volatilization losses of bismuth, manganese, molybdenum, thallium, vanadium, and chromium. 

Diazadiphosphetidines form the halogenophosphonium salts (53) on treatment with high-valent chlorides of tin, phosphorus, and antimony, ... 

Aurio ohloride—GM trichloride—AuCl,—302.7 —obtained by dissolving Au in aqua regia, evaporating at 100 (212 F.), and purifying by crystallization from H,0. Deliquescent yellow prisms, very soluble in H.,0, alcohol and ether readily decomposed with separation of Au, by contact with P, or with reducing agents. Its solution, treated with the chlorides of tin, deposits a purple double stannate of Sn and Au, called... 

Berzelius confuses quantity of electricity and intensity (which Faraday had separated), but he had an idea which is half the truth the decomposition potentials are different, although the quantities of electricity are equal, and these potentials (as Davy had realised, p. 73) determine the affinities. Berzelius was only taking Faraday s word when he said it is wrong to suppose that a liquid body can only conduct an electric current by means of a separation of the elements , since there are cases, especially fused bodies, where a more or less considerable portion of the current is transmitted without decomposition. His confusion is more understandable on reading an interpretation of Faraday s results given much later by Tyndall The electric force which severed the constituents of the water molecule proved competent, and neither more nor less competent, to sever the constituents of the molecule of chloride of tin and Faraday himself had identified electricity with chemical affinity (see p. 126). 

It is of interest to note that in several instances the effect of a catalyst such as aluminum chloride or boron fluoride is enhanced by the presence of an acidic assistant. Alkylation by olefins with aluminum chloride as a catalyst is favored by the presence of anhydrous hydrogen chloride, and the condensation of primary alcohols with benzene uting boron fluoride is possible only with the aid of an. assistant such as phosr phoric anhydride, benzenesulfonic acid, or sulfuric acid. It has been foimd also that chlorides of tin, silicon, or titanium increase the catalytic activity of aluminum chloride, whereas ferric chloride decreases the... 

Illustrative of the metallic salt complexes are the compounds formed with stiver nitrate, mercuric chloride, and the chlorides of tin. When a mod-... 

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