Chloride ion content

The waters through which ships travel are categorized by their salt content. The following are approximate values seawater, 3.0 to 4.0% salt coastal brackish water, 1.0 to 3.0% river brackish water, 0.5 to 1.8% salty river water, 0.05 to 0.5% river water, <0.05%. Seawater mainly contains NaCl. The salt content is approximately 1.8 times the chloride ion content. The salt content of the world s oceans is almost the same. Different salt contents can occur in more enclosed seas [e.g., the Adriatic (3.9%), Red Sea (4.1%) and the Baltic (1.0%)]. Table 17-1 gives as an example average analyses for seawater and the Rhine River. 

Suggested maximum conductance values are intended to serve as an alarm for saltwater condenser leaks and can be correlelated with chloride ion content in FW and/or BW. 

Water witb a bigb chloride ion content is not safe to drink. The following process is used to test for the presence of Cl (aq) Dissolve 5.0 g of AgNOs in 500 mL of distilled water. Add 10 drops of the solution to 10 mL of the water being tested, and look for a cloudy white precipitate. 

This disposal method only applies to water-based drilling fluids. The fluids may be spread directly over adjacent agricultural or forest land after adjustment of pH and ion content. Treatment may include coagulation, flocculation, filtration, and pH adjustment before spreading. A major consideration is chloride ion content. With higher chlorides, some transport of the fluid to a better disposal site may be necessary. 

The method can be used for the direct determination of the chloride ion content in precipitation samples within the 0.05-5 mg/L range. Chloride ions will replace the thiocyanate ions in undissociated mercury thiocyanate. The thiocyanate ions thus released react with ferric ions to form a dark red iron-thiocyanate complex. 

This article deals with two separate aspects of Pt(II) binding to nucleic bases. The first section describes the complexes present In aqueous solutions containing els (NH3)2Pt(II) over a range of pH In media of high and low chloride Ion content. The second section considers aspects of the N(l) versus N(7) dichotomy for binding at purine nucleosides. To elucidate the binding of Pt(II) at equilibrium, both sections rely on research performed on analogous Pd(II) complexes. 

Chlorides, generally in the form of the sodium salt are found in sedimentary deposits, particularly in marine and coastal areas. In reinforced concrete, they can increase the corrosion rate of the steel. Chlorides can also adversely affect the performance of sulfate-resisting Portland cements. BS 5328 [8.9] specifies chloride contents in concrete for various types and uses. BS 882 (Appendix C) [8.2] provides guidance on limits for chloride in aggregates when it is required to limit the chloride ion content , ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 %. 

Marusinf determined the penetrated chloride ion content of acrylic... 

Uses Epoxy laminates polymer composites powd. coatings Features High purity exc. elec, props. low metal ion and chloride ion content... 

In mid-1998, six additional racks containing aluminium crevice and galvanic couple coupons were immersed at the CSF, in the RA3 decay pool, the RA6 reactor pool and the RA6 decay pool. These different pools provided a wide range of water chemistry conditions. Conductivity ranged from 227 gS/cm at the CSF down to 1.8 jrS/cm in the RA6 reactor pool. The chloride ion content ranged from 16 ppm at the CSF to less than 0.5 ppm in the reactor pool. The... 

The coupons were disassembled and photographed during the intermediate inspection. Unlike the coupons received at the Budapest RCM, which had only a machined surface finish, these highly polished coupons showed no deep pits or crevice corrosion. Basin water conductivity was maintained at 3.5-16 pS/cm, with a chloride ion content of less than 2 ppm. The excellent corrosion resistance of these coupons was attributed primarily to the surface finish and the improved purity of the water. 

Rack 1 was inserted on 12 November 1996 and was withdrawn for a short time on a monthly basis for visual inspection. No pitting corrosion was seen on any coupons during the 12 inspections. The conductivity of the water ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 pS/cm, with a pH between 4.8 and 6.1. The chloride ion content was <0.5 ppm. Racks 2 and 3, which contained two galvanic couples and three crevice sandwiches, were exposed in October 1998. Rack 2 was withdrawn after one year of exposure, in October 1999. The conductivity of the basin water was always <1 pS/cm, the chloride ion content was <0.05 ppm and the pH was 5.5-6.S. 

Two additional racks of corrosion coupons were immersed in the fuel storage pool in March 1998. The conductivity of the water ranged between 1 and 6 pS/cm during the exposure period and the chloride ion content was between 0.1 and 0.5 ppm. No pitting corrosion was observed on the exposed surfaces of the coupons, except along the outer rim. 

Three additional racks were removed from the L basin and from the RBOF in early 1998 after two years of exposure to water with a conductivity of 1-3 pS/cm and a chloride ion content in the ppb range. No pitting was observed on the other 180 coupons in these racks. Some mild oxidation of the surfaces was seen on all coupons. Some mild surface reaction was seen in the crevice area of the stainless steel-aluminium galvanic couple coupons. A number of the large aluminium coupons had areas on which the surface appeared to be protected from oxidation during immersion in the basin water. These areas can be seen in Fig. 1.7. In these areas, the aluminium surface was similar in colour to the areas of the specimen covered by an insulator or between crevice specimens that had not been exposed to the water. The remainder of the coupon surface exposed to the water was dark grey in colour. 

Chloride (Cl). The chloride ion content of the water should be maintained as low as achievable and at less than 1 ppm for optimum corrosion protection. This level is generally achievable if water conductivity is maintained in the 1-3 pS/cm range. Chloride ions break down the passive film on aluminium and promote metal dissolution. 

In 1996 the IAEA initiated a CRP on the corrosion of aluminium clad spent research reactor fuels to help evaluate the state of the spent fuel assemblies and to inform pool/basin operators regarding maintenance and housekeeping procedures to extend the lives of the FAs. The main activities of this programme are related to exposing racks of aluminium alloy specimens (coupons) in different spent fuel basins around the world. Five racks were suspended in the 1EA-R1 reactor pool and were subsequently withdrawn after different time spans to evaluate the extent of corrosion of the coupons as a function of alloy composition, crevices, bimetallic effects and water chemistry. During this period the pool water was monitored for pH, conductivity, chloride ion content and radiometry (Table 6.3). The IAEA CRP racks are denoted as racks 1,2A, 2B, 3A and 3B. 

---