Chlorate powder

In Cardox charges liquid carbon dioxide is the ingredient providing the gas pressure. The pyrotechnic charge consists of chlorate mixtures that evolve a great amount of heat, such as either sodium chlorate, powdered charcoal and aluminium... 

One other flashpowder Is a derivative of chlorate powder. This flashpowder Is manufactured in the same way as chlorate powder, however... 

For chlorate powders, add a small amount of bicarbonate of soda to desensitize the chlorate powders. 

Potassium chlorate powder made by crushing the crystals, tend to cake more than pdtassium nitrate. But now we have a very fine powder which is made by using a surface activator as with potassium nitrate. This does not cake and is very useful, but in the match and other industries which use the chlorate in solution, the former is much preferred. 

ARSENIC (7440-38-2) Finely divided material forms explosive mixture with air. Decomposes on contact with acids or acid fumes, emitting fumes of arsenic. Contact of dust or powder with strong oxidizers can cause ignition or explosion. Violent reaction with bromine azide, bromine pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, dichlorine oxide, hypochlorous acid, nitrogen trichloride, tribromamine hexaammoniate, nitrogen oxyfluoride, potassium chlorate, potassium dioxide, powdered rubidium, silver fluoride. Incompatible with strong acids, cesium acetylene carbide, chromic acid, chromium trioxide, hafnium, halogens, lead monoxide, mercury oxide, nitryl fluoride, platinum, potassium nitrate, silver nitrate, sodium chlorate, powdered zinc. 

The sesquisulphide, P4S3, is used together with potassium chlorate, powdered glass and glue, to make strike anywhere matches, which were first introduced by Severn and Cahen in 1898. A typical strike anywhere match formulation is... 

Ammonium nitrate Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrites, sulfur, flnely divided organic or combustible materials, perchlorates, urea... 

Potassium iodate [7758-05-6] KIO, mol wt 214.02, 59.30% I, forms white, odorless crystals or a crystalline powder. It has a density 3.98 g/mL and mp of 560°C with partial decomposition. Potassium iodate is rapidly formed when potassium iodide is fused with potassium chlorate, bromate, or perchlorate. The solubihty in water is 9.16 g/100 g H2O at 25°C and 32.2 g/100 g H2O at 100°C. KIO is extensively used as an oxidizing agent in analytical chemistry and as amaturing agent and dough conditioner (see Bakery processes and leavening agents). 

Other early match-like devices were based on the property of various combustible substances mixed with potassium chlorate to ignite when moistened with strong acid. More important was the property of chlorates to form mixtures with combustibles of low ignition point which were ignited by friction (John Walker, 1827). However, such matches containing essentially potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide, and later sulfur (lucifers), mbbed within a fold of glass powder-coated paper, were hard to initiate and unreHable. 

Materials and Reactions. Candle systems vary in mechanical design and shape but contain the same genetic components (Fig. 1). The candle mass contains a cone of material high in iron which initiates reaction of the soHd chlorate composite. Reaction of the cone material is started by a flash powder train fired by a spring-actuated hammer against a primer. An electrically heated wire has also been used. The candle is wrapped in insulation and held in an outer housing that is equipped with a gas exit port and rehef valve. Other elements of the assembly include gas-conditioning filters and chemicals and supports for vibration and shock resistance (4). 

Various sulfides of the halogens are formed by direct combination of sulfur with fluorine, bromine, and chlorine. No evident reaction occurs with iodine instead, the elements remain as components of a mixture. Mixtures of sulfur and potassium chlorate, or sulfur and powdered zinc, are highly explosive. 

For solvent extraction of a tetravalent vanadium oxyvanadium cation, the leach solution is acidified to ca pH 1.6—2.0 by addition of sulfuric acid, and the redox potential is adjusted to —250 mV by heating and reaction with iron powder. Vanadium is extracted from the blue solution in ca six countercurrent mixer—settler stages by a kerosene solution of 5—6 wt % di-2-ethyIhexyl phosphoric acid (EHPA) and 3 wt % tributyl phosphate (TBP). The organic solvent is stripped by a 15 wt % sulfuric acid solution. The rich strip Hquor containing ca 50—65 g V20 /L is oxidized batchwise initially at pH 0.3 by addition of sodium chlorate then it is heated to 70°C and agitated during the addition of NH to raise the pH to 0.6. Vanadium pentoxide of 98—99% grade precipitates, is removed by filtration, and then is fused and flaked. 

For vanadium solvent extraction, Hon powder can be added to reduce pentavalent vanadium to quadrivalent and trivalent Hon to divalent at a redox potential of —150 mV. The pH is adjusted to 2 by addition of NH, and an oxyvanadium cation is extracted in four countercurrent stages of mixer—settlers by a diesel oil solution of EHPA. Vanadium is stripped from the organic solvent with a 15 wt % sulfuric acid solution in four countercurrent stages. Addition of NH, steam, and sodium chlorate to the strip Hquor results in the precipitation of vanadium oxides, which are filtered, dried, fused, and flaked (22). Vanadium can also be extracted from oxidized uranium raffinate by solvent extraction with a tertiary amine, and ammonium metavanadate is produced from the soda-ash strip Hquor. Fused and flaked pentoxide is made from the ammonium metavanadate (23). 

Some chlorine and chlorate also form through competing reactions. Chlorine dioxide is also evolved from mixtures of powdered sodium chlorite and acidic clays or alumina. 

Chlorates are strong oxidising agents. Dry materials, such as cloth, leather, or paper, contaminated with chlorate may be ignited easily by heat or friction. Extreme care must be taken to ensure that chlorates do not come in contact with heat, organic materials, phosphoms, ammonium compounds, sulfur compounds, oils, greases or waxes, powdered metals, paint, metal salts (especially copper), and solvents. Chlorates should be stored separately from all flammable materials in a cool, dry, fireproof building. 

Group 2 Nitrate/metal/sulphur compositions Compositions with >65% chlorate Black powder Nitrate/boron compositions Burn violently Large firework shells Fuse unprotected signal flares Non-pressed report bullets (bird scarers) Report cartridges (unpacked) Black matches (uncovered) Accelerating single-item explosions... 

Group 3 Nitrate/metal compositions without sulphur Compositions with <35-65% chlorate Compositions with black powder Lead oxide/silicon with >60% lead oxides Perchlorate/metal Burn fast Large firework shells Fuse protected signal flares Pressed report cartridges in primary packagings Quickmatches in transport packagings Waterfalls Silver wheels Volcanoes Black powder delays Burn very violently with single-item explosions... 

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