Chloramphenicol erythromycin

Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Clindamycin Spectinomycin Mupirodn Fusldfc add Inhibition of protein biosynthesis... 

Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors. Figure 5 Nucleotides at the binding sites of chloramphenicol, erythromycin and clindamycin at the peptidyl transferase center. The nucleotides that are within 4.4 A of the antibiotics chloramphenicol, erythromycin and clindamycin in 50S-antibiotic complexes are indicated with the letters C, E, and L, respectively, on the secondary structure of the peptidyl transferase loop region of 23S rRNA (the sequence shown is that of E. coll). The sites of drug resistance in one or more peptidyl transferase antibiotics due to base changes (solid circles) and lack of modification (solid square) are indicated. Nucleotides that display altered chemical reactivity in the presence of one or more peptidyl transferase antibiotics are boxed. 

Sulphonamides Trimethoprim Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Fusidic acid sulphonamide... 

Implications for treatment. It has recently been shown that tetracycline inhibits the development of filarial nematodes from L3 to L4 in vitro (Smith and Rajan, 2000, Experimental Parasitology 95, 265-270). However, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin failed to inhibit the... 

Drugs that may affect penicillins include allopurinol, aminoglycosides (parenteral), aspirin, beta blockers, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, probenecid, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and thiazide diuretics. Drugs that may be affected by penicillins include aminoglycosides (parenteral), anticoagulants, beta blockers, chloramphenicol, cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, erythromycin, heparin, and vecuronium. 

Health hazards from drug residues in food depend on the frequency and degree of human exposure. Increase in the degree of human exposure occurs when injection sites are accidentally consumed. Continuous exposure is more probable when a side or quarter of a contaminated food animal is purchased by a consumer for deep-freeze use. Basic antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tylosin, and oleandomycin, are more likely to accumulate in tissue at a higher concentration than in plasma due both to ion trapping, which results from a pH difference between blood and tissue, and to the innate lipid solubility of the compounds (1). A factor with the potential to reduce the drug residues intake is that most animal tissues are cooked before eating, which may decrease 269... 

Enzymatic detoxification or modification AGAC antibiotics /(-Lactams Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Tetracyclines Mercury compounds Formaldehyde Modification by acetyltransferases, adenylylases or phosphotransferases Inactivation (/(-lactamases) Inactivation (acetyltransferases) Esterases produce anhydroerythromycin Enzymatic inactivation Inactivation (hydrolases, lyases) Dehydrogenase... 

Grivell, L.A., Netter, P., Borst, P., Slonimski, P., Mitochondrial antibiotic resistance in yeast ribosomal mutants resistant to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and spiramycin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1973, 312, 358-367. 

E.A., Chloramphenicol-erythromycin resistance mutations in a 23S rRNA gene of EscheriMa coli. J. Bacteriol. 1985, 162, 551-557. 

Protein synthesis. Drugs that interfere at various points with the build-up of peptide chains on the ribosomes of the organism include chloramphenicol, erythromycin, fusidic acid, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, quinupristin/dalfopristin, linezolid. 

Sande, M.A. Mandell, G.L. Antimicrobial agents tetra-cyline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and miscellaneous antibacterial agents. In Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Ed. Gilman, A.G., Rail, T.W., Nies, A.S., Taylor, P., Eds. Pergamon Press New York, 1991 1117-1145. 

SmUack JD, Wilson WR, Cockerill FR 3rd. Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. Mayo Chn Proc 1991 66(12) 1270-80. 

The role of enterococci in nosocomial infections is probably due to a variety of factors of which antimicrobial resistance appears to be a primary cause. Enterococci possess a broad spectrum of both natural (intrinsic) resistance and acquired (transferable) resistance (Franz et al. 2003). Examples of antibiotics to which the enterococci present an intrinsic resistance include the P-lactam antibiotics (third generation cephalosporins), sulphonamides and clindamycin and aminoglycosides in low levels (Eranz et al. 2003). Acquired resistance based on plasmids or transpo-sons acquisition has relevance for chloramphenicol, erythromycin, high levels of clindamycin, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, high levels of P-lactam antibiotics, fluoroquinolones and glycopeptides like vancomycin (Murray 1990 Leclercq 1997). In particular, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) pose a major problem... 

Moazed, D., and Noller, H. F. (1987). Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and vemamycin B protect overlapping sites in the peptidyl transferase region of 23S ribosomal RNA. Biochemie 69, 879-884. 

A further apphcation is the detection and sequencing of resistance genes such as the plasmid RE25, which transfers resistance to tetracycline, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and similar antibiotics. This plasmid can be found in Enterococcus strains isolated from food products. By sequencing, differences or similarities to related plasmids with other resistances can be detected and, for example, influence the antibiotic therapy [16]. 

Streptomyces, the organism that makes streptomycin, has turned out to be the antibiotic equivalent of a gold mine Various Streptomyces species produce chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, etc. What is rather remarkable about this is that Streptomyces is not a fungus like Penicillium it is a bacterium So, of course, it too has bacterial ribosomes. How, then, does it escape its own poisons ... 

Hydrocortisone, prednisone, fludrotisone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin, polymycins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, streptomycin Quinacrine, chloroquine, quinine Nystatin, gentamicin, miconazole, tolnaftate, undecyclic acid and its salts Vidarabine, acyclovir, ribarivin, amantadine hydrochloride, iododeoxyuridine, dideoxyur-idine, interferons... 

The history of experience with antibiotics that conform to the penicillin paradigm is that they come in many structural forms and have many strategies for destruction of their targets. Some of these, such as penicillin itself, target the cell wall. Others interfere with membranes, and a large number are known to enter the cell and interfere with a variety of functions, very frequently the protein biosynthetic machinery, as is the case with antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and streptomycin. Early studies with proteinaceous antibiotics such as the bacteriocins did not force us to revise this viewpoint, since they also are directed toward a wide variety of targets (172). 

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