Chloramphenicols detection

Metabolism/Excretion -Toia urinary excretion of chloramphenicol ranges from 68% to 99% over 3 days. Most chloramphenicol detected in the blood is in the active free form. The elimination half-life of chloramphenicol is approximately 4 hours. 

The possibility of chloramphenicol detected in food samples collected in national monitoring programs in the early 2000s being attributed to environmental exposure was the subject of a 2004 review. Two aspects—natural synthesis of chloramphenicol in soil and the persistence of chloramphenicol in the environment after historical veterinary use—were considered. The review found that although the possibility of food being occasionally contaminated... 

Chirality center, 292 detection of, 292-293 Eischer projections and, 975-978 R,S configuration of, 297-300 Chitin, structure of, 1002 Chloral hydrate, structure of, 707 Chloramphenicol, structure of, 304 Chlorine, reaction with alkanes, 91-92,335-338 reaction with alkenes, 215-218 reaction with alkynes, 262-263 reaction with aromatic compounds, 550 Chloro group, directing effect of, 567-568... 

Certain drugs cannot be used in animals produced for human consumption, including chloramphenicol, clenbuterol, diethylstilbestrol (DES), dimetridazole, ipronidazole, furazolidine, and vancomycin. Severe legal penalties could be incurred if the pharmacist were to provide any of these drugs for use in food-producing animals and subsequent residues were detected in animal tissue. 

A high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) was described for the separation and simultaneous determination of OTC, TC, CTC, DC, and chloramphenicol in honey. The use of buffer pH 3.2 containing 0.02 mol/L Na2HP04 and 0.01 mol/L citric acid with addition of 4% (v/v) A-methylmorpholine and 12% (v/v) acetonitrile demonstrated a good separation of these five antibiotics within 20 min. The proposed method gave detection limit (signal to noise ratio > 5) of 20 pg/L for OTC [26],... 

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was widely used in veterinary medicine. Since 1994 the use of CAP is banned in the EU because of certain toxicological problems (i.e., aplastic anemia and the grey baby syndrome ) observed in its administration to humans [ 107] that have prompted the establishment of a zero tolerance for the presence of these residues in meat and animal products. As a consequence, many efforts have been made to develop sensitive methodologies capable of detecting CAP residues or its metabolites. 

Schneider E.Usleber E, Dietrich R, Maertlbauer E.Terplan G (1993) Rapid detection of chloramphenicol in raw milk by enzyme-linked immunofiltration and dipstick assay. In Haagsma N.Ruiter A (eds) Proceedings of the EuroResidues II conference Residues of veterinary drugs in food , vol 2. Veldhoven, p 627... 

Wang, A. B., Zhang, L., and Fang, Y. Z. (1999). Determination and separation of chloramphenicol and its hydrolysate in eye-drops by capillary zone electrophoresis with amperometric detection. 

Another important source of antibiotics in human diet is through the ingestion of farmed fish. Farmed fish and shrimp are produced in crowded facilities with inadequate or nonexistent regulation of antibiotic use. The detection of chloramphenicol... 

Certain drugs such as chloramphenicol require additional tests for their detection and quantification in meat tissues. The Competitive Enzyme Labeled Immunoassay for Chloramphenicol (CELIA) was developed and is used by FSIS laboratories to detect and quantify this drug in the meat supply chloramphenicol is not approved for use in food animals. CELIA detects 5 ppb chloramphenicol in tissue extracts. 

The primary application of the procedure is the determination of the presence or absence of 3-lactam 7) residues in milk and secondarily to measure the levels quantitatively. The receptor assay system has now been expanded to qualitatively detect residues of tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, novobiocin, and sulfamethazine in milk, serum and urine (Table II) (30). 

When chloramphenicol is administered parenterally, it rapidly enters the enterohepatic cycle, which is of significance because it prolongs the residence of the drug in the body. Deposition of chloramphenicol residues in animal tissues results from this prolongation of excretion. In diseased animals, residues of chloramphenicol can be detected for weeks after the initial administration. 

Following intramuscular injection of chloramphenicol in sheep, the withdrawal period down to the level of 0.05 ppm was estimated at 14.4 days for the injection site, 6 days for noninjected muscle, 9 days for fat, 11 days for kidney, and 11 days for the liver (32). When chloramphenicol was administered to rabbits, muscle and kidney were the tissues containing the highest levels of the parent drug at 6 h postdosing, whereas at 24 h only muscle contained detectable amounts of residues (33). 

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