Neutrophils, chemokines with

The three-amino acid motif (ELR) is conserved in members of the C-X-C family that activate neutrophils. In contrast, the absence of the ELR motif causes inhibition of angiogenesis in C-X-C chemokines. It is probable that the sanguineous nature of malignant pleural effusions is in part due to the rapid development of fragile, new capillaries caused by the angiogenic chemokines associated with the metastatic deposits. This is validated on thoracoscopy where metastatic deposits of cancer are noted to have a nebula of fine branching blood vessels around its perimeter (44). 

In the very early phases of the acute inflammatory response most of the cells invading the damaged area are polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also denoted as PMNs, which serve as initial line of defense and source of proinflammatory cytokines. These cells, which usually live for 4-5 days, circulate in the blood until they are attracted by chemokines into injured tissues. Whereas physical injury does not recruit many neutrophils, infections with bacteria or fungi elicit a striking neutrophil response. The characteristic pus of a bacterial abscess is composed mainly of apoptotic (apoptosis) and necrotic PMNs. Emigration of neutrophils from the blood starts with a process denoted as margination where neutrophils come to lie at the periphery of flowing blood cells and adhere to endothelial cells (Fig. 1). L-Selectin is expressed... 

Brandt E, Petersen F, Fudwig A, Ehlert JE, Bock L, Flad HD. The beta-thrombo-globulins and platelet factor 4 blood platelet-derived CXC chemokines with divergent roles in early neutrophil regulation. J Feukoc Biol 2000 67(4) 471 178. 

Song, F., Ito, K., Denning, T.L., Kuninger, D., Papaconstantinou, J., Gourley, W., Klimpel, G., Balish, E., Hokanson, J. and Ernst, P.B. (1999) Expression of the neutrophil chemokine KC in the colon of mice with enterocolitis and by intestinal epithelial cell lines effects of flora and proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of Immunology 162, 2275-2280. 

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