Chemistry raw materials

Oertel, G. (ed) Polyurethane Handbook Chemistry, Raw Materials, Processing, Applications and Properties. (1993) Hanser Gardner Publications, Cincinnati. 

Polyurethane Handbook—Chemistry Raw Materials—Processing— Application Properties, Gunter Oertel, editor, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1985. 

Collect data on chemistry, raw materials, product specifications, economic constraints and legal regulations. 

The design initial data concerns reactions chemistry, raw materials, production rate, product specifications and economic constraints. Control-related data must specify the required production range, the product grades, and the variability of the raw materials. 

Noshay, A., McGrath, J.E., 1977. Block Copolymers. Academic Press, New York (Chapter 6). Oertel, G. (Ed.), 1994. Polyurethane Handbook Chemistry, Raw Materials, lYocessing, Application, Properties. Hanser Publishers, New York. 

Frank H, Stadelhofer JW (1987) Industrial aromatic chemistry raw materials, processes, and products. Springer, Berlin... 

Oertel, G. Polyurethane hand book chemistry-raw material-processing-application-properties. Hanser Grander publications, Inc Cinemnati (1993). 

G. Oertel (Ed.), Polyurethane Handbook Chemistry-Raw Materials-Processing-AppUca-tion-Properties, Hanser Publishers, New York, 1994. 

Oertel G (ed.) (1994) Polyurethane Handbook Chemistry-Raw Materials-Processing-Application-Properties, 2nd edn. Cincinnati Hanser Gardner. 

Chemists make compounds and strive to understand their reactions. My own interest lies in the chemistry of the compounds of the elements carbon and hydrogen, called hydrocarbons. These make up petroleum oil and natural gas and thus are in many ways essential for everyday life. They generate energy and heat our houses, fuel our cars and airplanes and are raw materials for most manmade materials ranging from plastics to pharmaceuticals. Many of the chemical reactions essential to hydrocarbons are catalyzed by acids and proceed through positive ion intermediates, called carbocations. 

Organoaluminum Compounds. Apphcation of aluminum compounds in organic chemistry came of age in the 1950s when the direct synthesis of trialkylalurninum compounds, particularly triethylalurninum and triisobutylalurninum from metallic aluminum, hydrogen, and the olefins ethylene and isobutylene, made available economic organoalurninum raw materials for a wide variety of chemical reactions (see a-BONDED alkyls and aryls). 

One of the most exciting discoveries related to quinone/hydroquinone chemistry is thek synthesis by biosynthetic routes (12,13). Using bacterial enzymes to convert D-glucose [50-99-7] (7) to either 1,2- or l,4-ben2enediol allows the use of renewable raw material to replace traditional petrochemicals. The promise of reduced dependence on caustic solutions and the use of transition-metal catalysts for thek synthesis are attractive in spite of the scientific and economic problems still to be solved. 

F. W. Lichtenthaler, ed.. Carbohydrates as Organic Raw Materials, VCH Press, New York, 1990 detailed treatment of carbohydrate chemistry, with emphasis on synthesis and appHcations. 

In addition, vanillin was among the three or four aroma chemicals that helped perfumers of the past to imagine a new generation of fragrance combinations. The work done in organic chemistry by chemical companies has helped perfumers who had been restrained in their creation by the avadabihty of raw materials, which include natural oils and extracts made by the enfleurage process, ie, the property of perfumes to stick on fat and greases. Those extracts were weak, flat, and unpleasant. 

Chemurgy is defined as that branch of appHed chemistry devoted to industrial utilization of organic raw materials, especially from farm products. A more modem and general definition for chemurgy is the use of renewable resources particularly biomass, usually plant or microbial material, for materials and energy (see Fuels frombiomass Fuels fromwaste). 

One of the most important tasks in Analytical chemistry is the effective and express microquantity determination of toxic metals and biologically active organic materials in different objects of environment, raw materials and products of food technology and biotechnology. 

Understanding the behavior of all the chemicals involved in the process—raw materials, intermediates, products and by-products, is a key aspect to identifying and understanding the process safety issues relevant to a given process. The nature of the batch processes makes it more likely for the system to enter a state (pressure, temperature, and composition) where undesired reactions can take place. The opportunities for undesired chemical reactions also are far greater in batch reaction systems due to greater potential for contamination or errors in sequence of addition. This chapter presents issues, concerns, and provides potential solutions related to chemistry in batch reaction systems. 

With each succeeding year in the 1950s and 1960s there was a swing away from coal and vegetable sources of raw materials towards petroleum. Today such products as terephthalic acid, styrene, benzene, formaldehyde, vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile are produced from petroleum sources. Large industrial concerns that had been built on acetylene chemistry became based on petrochemicals whilst coal tar is no longer an indispensable source of aromatics. 

---