Chemistry of Lactic Acid

C. Holten, A. Muller, and D. Rehbinder, Lactic acid properties and chemistry of lactic acid and derivatives Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1971. 

C. H. Holten, A. Mueller, D. Rehbinder, Lactic Acid Properties and Chemistry of Lactic Acid and Derivatives, Verlag Chemie, Copenhagen, 1971. 

Adolph Wurtz, 1817—1884. Professor of chemistry at the ficole de Medecine in Pans. Discoverer of methyl and ethyl amines and the synthesis of hydrocarbons from alkyl iodides and sodium. He studied the oxidation products of the glycols and the homologs of lactic acid The proof of the elementary nature of gallium was demonstrated in his laboratory by Lecoq de Boisbaudran. 

FIGURE 302. (a) Depictions of tetrahedral methane as well as the nonsuperimposahle mirror images (enantiomers) of lactic acid (from Pope, Journal of the Society of the Arts, 1901) (b) enantiomeric crystals of quartz, arising from its hidden helical structure. (From General Chemistry by Linus Pauling 1947 by Linus Pauling. Used with the permission of W.H. Freeman and Company.)... 

This chapter is organized according to the nature and complexity of lactic acid itself and its derivatives. We begin by discussing the chemistry surrounding lactic acid and its esters. Then lactic acids with the hydroxyl function protected by a variety of removable groups are presented sequentially. A table of physical data associated with all the common protected lactic acid derivatives, discussed throughout this part of the book is presented at the end of the chapter. 

Reale, A., Konietzny, U., Coppola, R., Sorrentino, E., Greiner, R. (2004). The importance of lactic acid bacteria for phytate degradation during cereal dough fermentation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 6300-6305. 

Benedict, D. J., Pamlekar, S. J., Tsai, S.-P. (2003). Esterification of lactic acid and ethanol with/without pervaporation. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 42, 2282-2291. 

Kumar, R., Mahajani, S. M. (2007). Esterification of lactic acid with n-butanol by reactive distillation. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 46, 6873—6882. 

Sanz, M., R. Murga, S. Beltran, J. Cabezas J. Coca (2002) Autocatalyzed and ion-exchange-resin-catalyzed esterification kinetics of lactic acid with methanol. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 41,512-517,1SSN 0888-5885. 

From the beginning, the natural occurrence of lactic acid bacteria and yeast has reduced our need for using additives. The natural presence of these organisms in foods has directed research to exploit further the possibilities in utilising biotechnology instead of chemistry. 

CHEMISTRY AND PRODUCTION OF LACTIC ACID, LACTIDE, AND POLY(LACTIC ACID)... 

PLA offers an unprecedented market potential to lactic acid producers all over the world, but not all potential players can succeed, because PLA production poses stringent demands to lactic acid quality and price. The chemistry and physics of today s fermentative production and industrial-scale purification of lactic acid and lactide are the subject of this chapter. 

CHEMISTRY AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF LACTIC ACID AND LACTIDE AND SOLVENT MISCIBILITY... 

From a chemistry point of view, lactic acid can form PLA by means of the reaction of the hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups of lactic acid. By removing the water formed during this condensation reaction, the reaction proceeds toward the product side, PLA ... 

Back in Madrid in 1934, Ochoa defended his doctoral thesis on the chemistry of muscular contraction in adrenalectomized animals. The chemistry of muscle continued to attract Ochoa s attention in 1935. In that year he presented to the Congress of Physiology in Leningrad a paper on the levels of pyrophosphate in the contracting muscle and initiated with F. Grande a study on the formation of lactic acid by the mammalian heart. 

Wehrle, K, Grau, H., Arendt, E.K. (1997). Effects of lactic acid, acetic acid and table salt on fundamental rheological properties of wheat dough. Cereal Chemistry, 74, pp. 739-744. 

PLA takes advantage of a biological system to do chemistry that traditional chemical techniques can t. Fermentation of sugar to lactic acid does something that we cannot do by chemistry, namely, produce chiral lactic acid in high yield. Figure 11.6 shows the optical isomers of lactic acid. 

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