Chemistry and Applications

World demand for dyes and organic pigments is forecasted to increase 5.1 percent per year to more than US 14 billion in 2004. Gains will result from improvement in the textile industry, which accounts for about 70 percent of the global dye demand [4]. These demand figures include the forecast for plastic application, where more brilliant and striking colors are generating consumer appeal. 

It was also observed that the presence of some other groups caused an intensification of color. These groups are called auxochromes. Auxochromes are groups that cannot undergo n-n transitions, but can undergo transition of n electrons. Examples of some auxochromes are  

As the coloration with dyes is based on physico-chemical equilibrium processes, namely diffusion and sorption of dye molecules or ions followed by chemical reactions in the substrate, the shade and fastness of a given dye may vary depending on the substrate. The development of new substrates present new problems, give rise to new dyes and dyeing methods and thus influence dyeing technology to a wider scale. 

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D. R. Warning and G. HaHas, ed.. The Chemistry and Applications ofDyes Plenum PubUshiag Corp., New York, 1990. 

P. Rys and H. Zollinger, Fundamentals of the Chemistry and Applications of Dyes, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972. 

D. Price, B. Iddon, and B. J. Wakefield, eds.. Bromine Compounds Chemistry and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Nethedands, 1988. 

A. Knop and W. Scheilb, Chemistry and Applications of Phenolic Eesins Springer-Vedag, Berlin, 1979. 

H. G. Kuivila in. . Zuckerman, ed., Organotin Compounds—New Chemistry and Applications, Advances in Chemistry Series No. 157, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 41. 

D. Wilson, H. D. Stenzenberger, and P. M. Hergenrother, Polyimides—Chemistry and Applications, Blackie and Sons Ltd., Glasgow, 1990. 

J. Shore, ed.. Colorants and Auxiliaries, Organic Chemistry and Application Processes, Vol. 1, Colorants, Society of Dyers and Colourists, UK, 1990. 

Numerous dyes structurally related to the safranines, such as the eurodines, e.g. (141), the indulines, e.g. (142), the nigrosines (143) and aniline black, a pigment of unknown structure used in the printing industry, are well known and a detailed account of their chemistry and applications has been presented (57HC(ll)l). 

Hilsum, C. and Raynes, E.P. (editors) (1983) Liquid Crystals Their Physics. Chemistry and Applications (The Royal Soeiety, London). 

Owen, M.J., Surface chemistry and applications. In Clarson, S.J. and Semiyen, J.A. (Eds.), Siloxane Polymers, Polymer Science and Technology Series. PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993, pp. 309-372. 

The section on chemistry of adhesives evolves from rubber-based adhesives to semi- structural and finally to structural adhesives. Everaerts and Clemens provide a thorough description of chemistry and applications of pressure sensitive adhesives and Kinning and Schneider describe an enabling technology for pressure... 

Ishikawa N, Kobayashi, Y Fluorine Compounds Their Chemistry and Applications (Jap ) Kodasha Tokyo 237... 

The aim of the series is to present the latest fundamental material for research chemists, lecturers and students across the breadth of the subject, reaching into the various applications of theoretical techniques and modelling. The series concentrates on teaching the fundamentals of chemical structure, symmetry, bonding, reactivity, reaction mechanism, solid-state chemistry and applications in molecular modelling. It will emphasize the transfer of theoretical ideas and results to practical situations so as to demonstrate the role of theory in the solution of chemical problems in the laboratory and in industry. 

Alkalinity boosters, which are vitally necessary to enable carbonate, phosphate, balanced polymer (polymer plus phosphate or chelant), and some other program types to function, are perhaps best described as conjunctional treatments, whereas oxygen scavengers, antifoams, and condensate line corrosion inhibitors are adjuncts. Programs such as phosphate-tannin mixtures are sometimes described as adjunct treatments. The chemistries and applications of various types of conjunctional treatments and adjuncts are described in this chapter. 

All subsequent, novel organic chemistries and applications are simply competitive attempts to supplant hydrazine by demonstrating improved reaction rates, better health aspects, no corrosive ammonia decomposition products, and other benefits. Some of these novel organics may offer real benefits over hydrazine, but all at a higher application cost. 

I. S. Bechara, The Mechanism of Tin-Amine Synergism in the Catalysis of Isocyanate Reaction with Alcohols, in Urethane Chemistry and Applications, ACS Symposium Series 172, K. N. Edwards, (Ed.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1981. 

A. Knop and W. Scheib, Chemistry and Application of Phenolic Resins, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979. 

This extensive hydrogen bonding bears on several aspects of the chemistry and applications of cellulose. For instance, being a semi-crystalline polymer, cellulose cannot be processed by the techniques most frequently employed for synthetic polymers, namely, injection molding and extrusion from the melt. The reason is that its presumably lies above the temperature of its thermal... 

Recently, Mark J. Fink joined us as Editor. His perspective on main group chemistry and the interface with transition metal chemistry and applications ideally places him to maintain the synergy between main group and transition metal organometallic chemistry that Advances in Organometallic Chemistry has endeavored to chronicle. 

Katti KV, Pillarsetty N, Raghuraman K (2003) New Vistas in Chemistry and Applications of Primary Phosphines. 229 121-141... 

Allcock HR. Chemistry and Applications of Polyphosphazenes. Hoboken, NJ Wiley-Interscience, 2003, p. 504. 

Kolodiazhnyi 01 (1999) Phosphorus ylides chemistry and application in organic synthesis. Wiley-VCH, p 73... 

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