Chemical warfare history

Stephenson, C. (2006). Stink vessels (chemical warfare). History Today 56 2-3. 

Batten, J.K. (1960). Chemical warfare history. Armed Forces Chemical Journal 14(2) 17. 

In this introductory chapter, a broad overview is given of the history of chemical warfare on earth, and the compounds, species, and mechanisms involved. The impact of human-made compounds on the environment, which is the subject of this book, is an extremely recent event in evolutionary terms. It is important to take a holistic view, and to see the effects of human-made pollutants on the environment against the background of chemical warfare in nature. 

As explained in Chapter 1, the toxicity of natural xenobiotics has exerted a selection pressure upon living organisms since very early in evolutionary history. There is abundant evidence of compounds produced by plants and animals that are toxic to species other than their own and which are nsed as chemical warfare agents (Chapter 1). Also, as we have seen, wild animals can develop resistance mechanisms to the toxic componnds prodnced by plants. In Anstralia, for example, some marsupials have developed resistance to natnrally occnrring toxins produced by the plants upon which they feed (see Chapter 1, Section 1.2.2). 

Ludwig Fritz Haber. The Poisonous Cloud Chemical Warfare in the First World War. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1986. An authoritative history of chemical warfare by Fritz and Charlotte Haber s son. Source for Ypres Haber s responsibility for poison gas his authoritarianism during World War I and failure of poison gas as weapon. 

Reid, E. Emmet. "History of Offense Research, John Hopkins University Station", Historical Report No. H-149, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal Technical Library. 

Human experimentation appears to have been an integral part of the history of the U.S. Army chemical warfare (CW) research efforts until its suspension in 1975. On June 28, 1918, the President directed the establishment of the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS). 

M. Cutler et al, Preliminary Survey on Incendiary Pellet Warheads for Guided Missiles, Guided Missile Rept No 7 (Dec 1948), Tech Command, Army Chem Center, Md 14a) L. Finkelstein A.E. Gaul, Incendiaries, Vol 18, History of Research Development of Chemical Warfare Service in World War 11, The Chemical Corps Association, Washington, DC, Reinhold,... 

Chemical Warfare Service, 38, 1295 (1944). Brief history and description of modern incendiaries... 

Daisite. A French Thermite mixt composed of Fe304 58, Al 18 sulfur 24%, used during WWII. Sulfur served as a binder and as a fuel Ref A.E.Gaul L.Finkelstein, "History of Research and Development of The Chemical Warfare Service in World War II (1 July 1940 -31 Dec 1945) , Vol 18, Part 2 Incendiaries, Chemical Corps, US Army Chemical Center, Md (1952), p 95... 

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