Chemical warfare, brief history

Chemical Warfare Service, 38, 1295 (1944). Brief history and description of modern incendiaries... 

Salem, H., Temay, A.L., Jr., Smart, J.K. (2008). Brief history and use of chemical warfare agents in warfare and terrorism. In Chemical Warfare Agents Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (Romano, J.A., Jr., Lukey, B.J., Salem, H., eds), pp. 1-20. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

I Brief History and Use of Chemical Warfare Agents in Warfare and Terrorism... 

The history of biological and chemical warfare is lengthy and texts on the subject should be consulted for further details. The focus of this chapter is an extension of the book, foodbome diseases. However, a brief review of this field is instructive. Most of what is presented here relative to terrorist attacks in food, and which has been written about by other authors, has never occurred. This must be viewed as pure speculation extrapolated from the use of chemicals and infectious disease in a military environment. Such speculation, once considered pure fantasy, now has a chilling reality to it based on recent terrorist attacks throughout the world. 

For a brief overview of the history of the public debate about chemical warfare in the... 

In this chapter, a brief history of chemical warfare use in humans, their classification, use of alternative methods of animal testing, particularly in vitro toxicology tests, structure activity relationships, and the use of the 3Rs including "Animal Rule" (FDA, 2009, 2010) and "human-on-a-chip" to possibly test warfare agents are described. 

The year 2014 was the centenary of the commencement of the 1914-18 war [World War I (WWI)], a conflict that resulted in more than 20 million deaths and unprecedented numbers of casualties. A notorious development of that conflict was the widespread use of chemical weapons, manufactured on an industrial scale. Since 1914 more than 700000 tonnes of chemical agents have been produced by various nations but, fortunately, since 1918 the use of chemical weapons in warfare has been the exception rather than the rule. Nevertheless, their use in conflicts in Iraq in the 1980s and more recently in Syria in 2013, particularly against unprotected civilian populations, has served as a reminder that the dangers still exist, even though a near comprehensive treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), entered into force in April 1997. This chapter provides the reader with a brief history of the development and use of chemical weapons, a summary of the physicochemical properties that determine the primary hazard posed by chemical agents and how... 

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