Chemical shifts Auger electrons

The shifts for Al and Si are so large that one can treat the separate chemical states like separate elements and map for the distributions of the chemical states. Auger electron maps for elemental and oxidized SI showing their distributions In a 64 RAM are shown in Figure 23. 

Fig.5.22. Auger electron spectra for Mg and MgO (solids) illustrating the influence of chemical shifts and electron hole coupling. Additional peaks n w are due to volume plasmons [5.35]...

We can use Ultraviolet Photo Electron Spectroscopy (UPES) and Auger Electron Spec-troscopy (AES). UPES will give us information about chemical shift and finger print, and AES will give us finger print information. 

On the other hand, whenever elucidation of the chemical state of the atoms is required, XPS advantages are evident as the so-called chemical shifts are often very small with respect to the Auger peak width and hence not easily detected if detected the chemical shifts are difficult to interpret because they result from a many-electron process. 

By precisely measuring the kinetic energy of the Auger electrons, chemical information may be deduced. In fact, the chemical shift of Auger electrons is, in some cases, larger than that of the associated photoelectron lines (13,15-17). 

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