Auger shifts

Because of the empirical nature of these methods, great care was taken to show the significance of the values obtained by these procedures. Calculations and correlation of physical data with these values established that the methods indeed modelled the effects they were designed for. Physical data that could be calculated included dipole moments, H- and C-NMR shifts, Jc-h coupling constants, ESCA (C-ls, F-ls and N-Is) chemical shifts. Auger shifts, and IR stretching frequencies. 

Figure 3 First-derivative electron emission spectra from pure lanthanum taken with primary electron beams having energies of 250 and 235 eV showing the unshifted Auger peaks and the shifted REELS peaks.

Section 2.1.3 shows that in an XPS spectrum. X-ray excited Auger peaks are often as prominent as the photoelectron peaks themselves. For many elements, the chemical shifts in Auger peaks are actually greater than the shifts in photoelectron peaks. The two shifts can be combined in a very useful quantity called the Auger parameter a, first used by Wagner [2.30] and defined in its modified form [2.31] as... 

---