Chemical shift deshielding

Data in Tables 3.2 and 3.3 are characterized by substantial chemical shift deshieldings and coupling constants (/c h) that indicate sp2 hybridization. Also subsequently, Myhre and Yannoni50 have obtained 13C NMR spectrum of ferf-butyl cation 1 in the solid state, which agrees very well with the solution data.95... 

Pople < > Induced ring current effects on NMR chemical shifts deshielding of benzene protons M... 

Figure Bl.11.7. chemical shifts in [10]-paracyclophane. They have values on either side of the 1.38 ppm found for large polymethylene rings and, thus, map the local shielding and deshielding near the aromatic moiety, as depicted in the upper part of the figure.

The induced field of a carbonyl group (C=0) deshields protons in much Ihe same way lhal a carbon-carbon double bond does and Ihe presence of oxygen makes il even more eleclron wilhdrawmg Thus protons attached to C=0 m aldehydes are Ihe leasl shielded of any protons bonded to carbon They have chemical shifts m Ihe range 8 9-10... 

The most obvious feature of these C chemical shifts is that the closer the carbon is to the electronegative chlorine the more deshielded it is Peak assignments will not always be this easy but the correspondence with electronegativity is so pronounced that spec trum simulators are available that allow reliable prediction of chemical shifts from structural formulas These simulators are based on arithmetic formulas that combine experimentally derived chemical shift increments for the various structural units within a molecule... 

Section 15 14 The hydroxyl group of an alcohol has its O—H and C—O stretching vibrations at 3200-3650 and 1025-1200 cm respectively The chemical shift of the proton of an O—H group is variable (8 1-5) and depends on concentration temperature and solvent Oxygen deshields both the proton and the carbon of an H—C—O unit Typical... 

Chemical shifts of pyridine and the diazines have been measured as a function of pH in aqueous solution and generally protonation at nitrogen results in deshielding of the carbon resonances by up to 10 p.p.m. (73T1145). The pH dependence follows classic titration curves whose inflexions yield pK values in good agreement with those obtained by other methods. 

Substituent effects (substituent increments) tabulated in more detail in the literature demonstrate that C chemical shifts of individual carbon nuclei in alkenes and aromatic as well as heteroaromatic compounds can be predicted approximately by means of mesomeric effects (resonance effects). Thus, an electron donor substituent D [D = OC//j, SC//j, N(C//j)2] attached to a C=C double bond shields the (l-C atom and the -proton (+M effect, smaller shift), whereas the a-position is deshielded (larger shift) as a result of substituent electronegativity (-/ effect). 

The deshielding effects of electronegative substituents are cumulative, as the chemical shifts for various chlorinated derivatives of methane indicate. 

Plot para chemical shift (vertical axis) vs. para atomic charge (horizontal axis). Are the two properties correlated If they are, what is their relationship Does chemical shift increase ( C becomes deshielded) or decrease ( C becomes shielded) with increasing negative charge at carbon ... 

Possibly the most characteristic piece of information one can obtain to prove the existence of a I-heteroaallene is the central carbon C NMR chemical shift. This carbon chemical shift is very deshielded. typically being greater than 200 ppm, which stands out from most other carbon resonances in a normal organic molecule. Most of the group 14 I-heteroallenes listed in Table VII have shifts greater than 200 ppm. Also, as the heteroatom becomes larger, the resonance moves farther downfield. 

Reiterating the idea that the -complexes 132a and 86a are not truly heteroallenes, one must consider the central carbon C NMR chemical shifts. Silaallene complex 132a starts to approach allene status with a chemical shift of 175.5 ppm, but the most deshielded carbon for alkylidenetelluragermirane 86a is only 153.04 ppm. 

The chemical shifts of the H-methyl groups in thiiranes 31a, 31b and 31c were found to be = 1.59,1.44 and 1.45, respectively. The chemical shifts of the -anti-methyl hydrogens (i.e. those of R ) where found to be (5 = 1.25,1.23 and 1.27 in 32a-c compared with <5= 1.74 and 1.64 for syn-R -hydrogens in 32a and 31c, respectively . The consistency of the deshielding effect in accordance with the position of the -hydrogens in ring sulfoxides is thus apparent. These observations validate the applicability of the S—O anisotropy rule to the three-membered ring system. 

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