Chemical plants, life cycles

The search for previously unrecognized chemical reactivity hazards and places where inadequate safeguards exist is an activity that continues throughout the product/plant life cycle. Chemical reactivity hazards and risk management... 

Y. Naka, H. Seki, S. Hoshino, and K. Kawamura, 2007, Information Model And Technological Information - Infrastructure For Plant Life Cycle Engineering, ICheaP-8 The eight International Conference on Chemical Process Engineering. 

Shimabulu, R.A., H.C. Ralsch, C.M. Wise, J.U. Nwosu, and L.A. Kapustka. 1991. A new plant life-cycle bioassay for assessment of the effects of toxic chemicals using rapid cycling Brassica. In Plants for Toxicity Assessment Vol. 2, J.W. Gorsuch, W.R. Lower, M.A. Lewis, and W. Wang, Eds., ASTM Publication 04-011150-16. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 365-375. 

Product innovation absorbs considerable resources in the fine chemicals industry, in part because of the shorter life cycles of fine chemicals as compared to commodities. Consequently, research and development (R D) plays an important role. The main task of R D in fine chemicals is scaling-up lab processes, as described, eg, in the ORAC data bank or as provided by the customers, so that the processes can be transferred to pilot plants (see Pilot PLANTS AND microplants) and subsequently to industrial-scale production. Thus the R D department of a fine chemicals manufacturer typically is divided into a laboratory or process research section and a development section, the latter absorbing the Hon s share of the R D budget, which typically accounts for 5 to 10% of sales. Support functions include the analytical services, engineering, maintenance, and Hbrary. 

Reactive chemical process safety Systematic identification, evaluation, and control of reactive hazards at all phases of the production life cycle-from R D to pilot plant, change management, and decommissioning and for all types of operations-from storage or manufacturing to packaging or waste processing. 

The second reaction that we wish to describe is that of the aerobic oxidation of a-pinene, which is a bicyclic monoterpene with an oxidizable double bond. The use of such a renewable feedstock in the production of chemicals is considered as the first step towards greening the life cycle of chemical products. In this context, oxidation a-pinene, which occurs widely in the plant kingdom, may be viewed as an important reaction because its oxidation products... 

The behavior of Insects In selecting a host plant for food and shelter is affected by a wide array of physical and chemical stimuli. Chemicals that play a role in resistance mechanisms may interfere with an Insect s orientation, inhibit feeding, or deter ovipositlon. Most of the known mechanisms of resistance involve feeding deterrents, but the most vulnerable phase of the Insect life cycle may prove to be ovipositlon. Environmental factors may influence the ability... 

Another aspect of the time dimension of inherent safety concerns where in the life-cycle of the plant the decision to consider inherent safety arises [22]. It is generally acknowledged that the benefits of inherently safer technologies may persist throughout the life-cycle of a chemical process or plant. This is actually one of the reasons why anticipation of the need for inherent safety is so important being early can generate more benefits. 

The batch reactor is perhaps the most natural of all chemical reactors. Most events in the natural world are time-varying batch events. They start from some initial conditions and proceed to change dynamically with time over some batch time. The whole cycle of animal and plant life is a batch operation. The conception, gestation, birth, growth, and death of an animal occur in a batch cycle. Our first exposure to a chemical reaction is probably in a high school chemistry class in which the reaction takes place batchwise in a test tube or flask. 

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