Chemical biological studies molecular probes

One key aspecf of applicafions of combinatorial libraries in chemical biology is fhe mapping of subsfrafe specificities for enzymes. Alfhough the early studies that use peptide libraries were focused on studying antibody epitopes (12), the substrate mapping for enzymes that transform peptides and the development of molecular probes found widespread interest. 

Messerschmidt, A., Landenstein, R., Huber, R., Bolognesi, M., Avigliano, L., Petruzzelli, R., Rossi, A. and Finazzi Agro, A. 1992. Refined crystal structure of ascorbate oxidase at 1.9 A resolution. Journal of Molecular Biology 224, 179-205. Miki, K., Ezoe, T., Masui, A., Yoshisaka, T., Mimuro, M., Fujiwara-Arasaki, T. and Kasai, N, 1990, Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of C-phycocyanin from a red alga, Porphyra tenera. Journal of Biochemistry 108, 646-649. Molecular Probes. Handbook of fluorescent probes and research chemicals. 1992-1994. 

Umezawa, Y. Liquid Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes Response Mechanisms Studied by Optical Second Harmonic Generation and Photoswitchable lonophores as a Molecular Probe. In Liquid Interfaces in Chemical, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Applications Volkov. A.G.. Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 2000 439-468. 

Aconstic measurements have been employed as a molecular probe of polymer structime to study different aspects of molecular structin-e transitions, curing (UV, visible Ught, thermal) (qv), density, and chemical composition in both S5mthetic and biological polymers. 

Recent developments include wet-environmental transmission EM (hereafter referred to as wet-ETEM) for probing controlled liquid-catalyst reactions directly at operating temperatures at the molecular level (Gai 2001, 2002). The method opens up new opportunities for high-resolution EM studies of a wide range of solution-solid and solution-gas-solid reactions in the chemical (especially polymer) and biological sciences. 

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