Pharmaceutical and Chemical Applications

A good example of using adsorptive separation in a non-refining/petrochemical application is the separation of fructose from an aqueous solution of mixed sugars. This process allows the production of high concentration fructose which has a much higher sweetness to calorie ratio than simple glucose or sucrose. As in fine chemical and pharmaceutical applications we can often use adsorption when distillation is not possible or feasible or when the material is thermally sensitive. 

Applicants and their attorneys prosecuting chemical and pharmaceutical applications will find the way less arduous and the likelihood of ultimate success greatly increased if they are able to build adequate records so as to obviate Section 101 and 112 issues. A definitive statement of the use (the patentable utility) of the invention, where not obvious, should be included in the specification. Uses for which only meager support can be mustered should not be included. The intended use having been carefully defined, there should be an adequate detailed disclosure of how to use the product, method, or process of the invention. 

The question of obviousness in chemical and pharmaceutical applications will continue to be decided not by arbitrary and mechanically... 

Unsaturated polymers can be produced by means of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclic alkenes. These unique polymers can also be produced via intermolecular Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET). Dienes can also react intramolecularly via Ring Closing Metathesis (RCM) to afford cyclic products. RCM is often applied to synthesis of compounds for fine chemical and pharmaceutical application. Generic examples of these reactions are shown in Figure 2. 

A development over the last 10 to 20 years is the introduction of true cGMP designs suitable for high-purity fine chemicals and pharmaceutical applications. Requirements in this sector usually favor batch operation due to demands for batch identity typical properties of the slurry dictate batch operation, high wash requirements, clean-ability and inspectability, avoidance of cross-contamination for multipurpose applications, and elimination of operator exposure to the process. 

Platinum group elements (PGE) are used as catalysts in a variety of industrial, chemical and pharmaceutical applications, such as in the production of pesticides and dye stuffs and in the processing of polymers. These rare noble metals, notably platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh) and palladium (Pd), are also used as catalysts in automobile catalytic converters to reduce the emission of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOJ and hydrocarbons (HC) in exhaust fumes. This application, in fact, accounts for the largest consumption of the global supply of these metals on a per weight basis. In 2008, for instance, catalytic converter producers consumed a total of 52, 47 and 86% of the world s Pt, Pd and Rh, respectively (Matthey 2008). Pd use by the catalyst industry increased by a factor of six from 1993 to 2008 (Matthey 1996, 2008). 

Wood The main compounds of wood are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Their share varies between hardwood and softwood as well as between single species. Table 4.4 shows the average shares of compounds in the cell wall of European hard- and softwood. Additionally, wood and bark contain a variety of extractives that are of interest for chemical and pharmaceutical applications. 

Owing to its outstanding biological, chemical, and pharmaceutical applications, a variety of CS-graft copolymers have been synthesized to extend the utilization of CS in different areas such as drug delivery systems, hydrogels, and porous scaffolds. 

Continuous and semicontinuous flow reactors are sometimes used in fine chemical and pharmaceutical applications, primarily because some reactions require the high intensity of mixing that can only be achieved in in-line mixers (see Examples 13-3, 13-7, and 13-8a and discussion in Chapter 17). 

Thus, our measured data for aqueous solutions of CaCl and caffeine is important for fimdamental reasons (helping to understand the nature of aqueous electrolyte structure) and, also, for practical applications, once they provide transport data necessary to model the diffusion for various chemical and pharmaceutical applications. 

Applications. Table 12 Hsts crop-protection chemicals and pharmaceuticals containing the aryl fluoroaLkyl ether group. 

Fine chemicals There are many applications of the austenitic steels in the manufacture and storage of fine chemicals and pharmaceutical products. These include storage tanks, pipelines, valves, stills, steam-jacketed pans, mixing vessels, filters and tableting machinery. Considerable use has been made of these steels in penicillin production. 

Liquid Interfaces in Chemical, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Applications, edited by Aiexander G. Voikov... 

The technique is currently not used as widely as UV, visible and infrared spectrometry partly due to the high cost of instrumentation. However, it is a powerful technique for the characterization of a wide range of natural products, raw materials, intermediates and manufactured items especially if used in conjunction with other spectrometric methods. Its ability to identify major molecular structural features is useful in following synthetic routes and to help establish the nature of competitive products, especially for manufacturers of polymers, paints, organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. An important clinical application is NMR imaging where a three-dimensional picture of the whole or parts of a patient s body can be built up through the accumulation of proton spectra recorded over many different angles. The technique involves costly instrumentation but is preferable to... 

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