Chemical activation schematic diagram

Schematic diagram illustrating the chemical method for peptide synthesis. First the amino acids to be linked are selected. The carboxyl group and the amino group that are to be excluded from peptide synthesis are protected (steps 1 and 1 ). Next the amino acid containing the unprotected carboxyl group is carboxyl-activated (step 2). This amino acid is mixed and reacted with the other amino acid (step 3). Protecting groups are then removed from the product (step 4).

Fig. 4.36 Schematic diagram of a solid electrolyte probe for the measurement of oxygen partial pressures (or chemical activities).

Fig. 13.20 (a) Schematic diagram of the nanosensor. PSA-ABs are anchored to the NW/SWNT surface and function as specific recognition groups for PSA binding, (b) Reaction sequence for the modification of In203 NW i, deposition of 3-phosphonopropionic acid ii, DCC and A-hydroxysuccinimide activation Hi, PSA-AB incubation, (c) Reaction sequence for the modification of SWNT iV, deposition of 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester V, PSA-AB incubation. Reprinted with permission from ref. [149]. Copyright (2005) American Chemical Society... 

Fig 6 shows the single-stage system, which is referred to as plasma-driven catalysis [77]. In the PDC process, catalysts arc directly placed in the NTP reactor. These catalysts arc activated by NTP at low temperature region, where the thermal catalysis docs not occur. The shape of catalyst is cither of honeycomb, foam or pellet. In contrast to the PEC system, all reactions of gas-phase, surface and their interaction lake place simultaneously. In this sense, it is quite complicate to understand and optimize the chemical reactions in the PDC system. In an early USA patent, Henis proposed a PDC reactor for NO.r removal. Figure 7 shows the schematic diagram of the PDC reactor proposed by Henis [78], which is quite similar to those used in recent studies. The gases arc introduced to the reaction zone through the contact materials for heat transfer purpose. The catalysts listed in the patent are alumina, zirconium silicate, cobalt oxide, Thoria, activated carbon, molecular sieves, silica gel etc. 

A) Ahmed H. ZewaiVs arrow of time" depicting the evolution in the timescale of chemical reacticms accessible to measurement over the course of roughly 130 years. B) Schematic diagram illustrating how femtosecond reactions are monitored. C) A reaction coordinate diagram illustrating the discrete formation of the [I-CN] activated complex on the femtosecond timescale. D) Data for the determination of the lifetime of an activated complex. 

Figure 2.4 shows a schematic diagram of a plasma device and different reactive species (Yousefi et a/., 2003). Plasma conversion of the feed gas produces chemically active particles that are able to modify the textile surface through chemical reactions at the surface. Various surface modifications can be obtained depending on process parameters such as ... 

Fig. 38. Schematic diagram of apparatus for chemically active gas chromatography boron-hydrogen bonding.

The functionalization methods can be divided into two main techniques chemical (covalent) and physical (noncovalent) functionalization as interactions between active materials and CNTs. Figure 7.4 shows the schematic diagram of the functionalization possibilities for CNTs [44]. 

A more effective carrier confinement is offered by a double heterostmcture in which a thin layer of a low band gap material (the active layer) is sandwiched between larger band gap layers. The physical junction between two materials of different band gaps, and chemical compositions, is called a heterointerface. A schematic representation of the band diagram of such a stmcture is shown in Figure 4. Electrons injected under forward bias across the p—N junction into the lower band gap material encounter a potential barrier, AE at thep—P junction which inhibits their motion away from the junction. The holes see a potential barrier of AE at the N—p heterointerface which prevents their injection into the N region. The result is that the injected minority... 

Fig. 5-4. Schematic one-dimensional enthalpy diagram for the exothermic bimolecular Finkelstein reaction Cl -I- CFI3—Br Cl—CH3 -I- Br in the gas phase and in aqueous solution [469, 474, 476]. Ordinate standard molar enthalpies oi (a) the reactants, (b, d) loose ion-molecule clusters held together by ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces, (c) the activated complex, and (e) the products. Abscissa not defined, expresses only the sequence of (a). ..(e) as they occur in the chemical reaction.

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