Chart Energy Chemicals

Chart Energy Chemicals, Inc. is a manufacturing company that is interested in developing their facility to produce small channel reactors. Two materials of construction, stainless steel and aluminum, have been considered [47]. Aluminum has the advantage that it is easier and fester to use to manufecture larger... 

FIGURE 6.38 Cutaway view of a brazed aluminum plate fin (or matrix) heat exchanger configured for three streams. (Courtesy Chart Energy and Chemicals, Inc., La Crosse, WI, a wholly owned subsidiary of Chart Industries, Cleveland, OH.)... 

The Chart-flo heat exchanger and its stablemates in the heat exchanger reactor field (see Chapter 5) are the latest truly innovative designs to enter the CHF marketplace. Produced by Chart Energy and Chemicals, the Chart-flo unit extends the option... 

Chemical engineering interest in this technology centres on the use of such reactors in manufacturing drugs and fine chemicals at scales of up to, for example, 5(X) tonnes/year, rather than for bulk chemical production although, as illustrated later, the work of Chart Energy and Chemicals with their plate fin heat exchanger reactor has extended into the bulk application area. 

Figure 5.38 The compact catalytic reactor core, showing the relatively large channels for packing with catalyst, along with the heat transfer surface.The scale can be seen with reference to Figure 5.39, the reactor measures only a few cm across (photograph courtesy of Chart Energy and Chemicals).

Figure 5.39 The Chart CCR unit located between two flanges (photograph courtesy of Chart Energy and Chemicals).

It is only relatively recently that data have started appearing on comprehensive studies of the use of intensified unit operations in industrially relevant reactions -particularly for bulk production. One such study involved a comparison between the stirred batch reactor process and a heat exchanger reactor (HEX-reactor). This was reported by a consortium involving Cardiff University, Givaudan, Johnson Matthey and Chart Energy and Chemicals (who supplied the HEX-reactor), and is presented in Enache et al. (2007). The hydroformylation reactions examined are used for the production of detergents, soap and surfactants - totalling millions of tonnes per annum. 

Figure 8.8 The HEX-reactor scheme, using the Chart Energy and Chemicals unit.

Dr. Mark Wood of Chart Energy and Chemicals for data on the compact heat exchangers and micro-reactors made by his Company, including illustrations in Chapters 4 and 5 and the Cover reactor photograph. 

Generalized charts are appHcable to a wide range of industrially important chemicals. Properties for which charts are available include all thermodynamic properties, eg, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy and PVT data, compressibiUty factors, Hquid densities, fugacity coefficients, surface tensions, diffusivities, transport properties, and rate constants for chemical reactions. Charts and tables of compressibiHty factors vs reduced pressure and reduced temperature have been produced. Data is available in both tabular and graphical form (61—72). 

Figure 7.5 Variation of equilibrium oxygen partial pressure (a) equilibrium between a metal, Ag, and its oxide, Ag20, generates a fixed partial pressure of oxygen irrespective of the amount of each compound present at a constant temperature (b) the partial pressure increases with temperature (c) a series of oxides will give a succession of constant partial pressures at a fixed temperature and (d) the Mn-O system. [Data from T. B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds An Atlas of Charts for High-Temperature Chemical Calculations, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.]...

T. B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds An Atlas of Charts for High-Temperature Chemical Calculations, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 

Energy conversion table. Values of photon (vacuum) wavelength (nm), wavenumber (1 cm-1), frequency (THz) and energy (eV, J), as well as the energy per mole (J mol-1) of a chemical reaction can be easily converted if a ruler is placed horizontally over the chart. The bandgaps of different semiconductors are also indicated, as well as the wavelength of the intensity peak of a blackbody radiation for different temperatures. 

The chapters in this volume have been collected in order to chart a course toward a more holistic, thus more realistic, view of mineral reactivity than can be garnered from equilibrium modeling. Spectroscopies are the tools by which structure, dynamics, and reactivity can be most directly examined. Examples include numerous means of mineral spectroscopy applied to numerous ends, such as determination of composition, purify, interaction with energy, characterization of chemically and spectroscopically special (active) centers, and adsorbate interactions. Coverage of both spectroscopy and minerals is intended to be illustrative, not exhaustive. 

Energy conversion processes become increasingly important as oil and natural gas production decrease. Coal conversion processes are most important as future alternatives for liquid and gaseous fuels. These processes are rather complicated chemical plants with a great number of different reactors and separation units. Even for experts it is very difficult to estimate the influence of the existing irreversibilities on the overall energy conversion efficiency. Second law analysis is a very powerful tool in order to localize such irreversibilities and to improve the overall flow chart. 

The chemical shift is the position on the chart where a nucleus absorbs energy. 

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