High-rate partial state of charge

Valenciano J, Sanchez A, Trinidad F, Hollenkamp AF. Graphite and fiberglass additives for improving high-rate partial-state-of-charge cycle life of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. J Power Sources 2006 158 851-863. 

THE NEXT GREAT CHALLENGE FOR VALVE-REGULATED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES HIGH-RATE PARTIAL-STATE-OF-CHARGE DUTY IN NEW-GENERATION ROAD VEHICLES... 

The Challenge of High-rate Partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) Duty... 

HRPSoC high-rate partial-state-of-charge... 

It turned out that the negative electrode that contained tens-of-mi-cron-sized carbon particles in the negative active material exhibits a markedly increased high rate partial state of charge duty than a comparative material containing carbon particles with much smaller size of several microns or a material containing no activated carbon. 

K. Sawai, T. Funato, M. Watanabe, H. Wada, K. Nakamura, M. Shiomi and S. Osumi, Development of additives in negative active-material to suppress sulfation during high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation of lead-acid batteries,... 

The value of is the difference in partial molal volume between the transition state and the initial state, but it can be approximated by the molar volume. Increasing pressure decreases the value of AV and if A V is negative the reaction rate is accelerated. This equation is not strictly obeyed above lOkbar. If the transition state of a reaction involves bond formation, concentration of charge, or ionization, a negative volume of activation often results. Cleavage of a bond, dispersal of charge, neutralization of the transition state and diffusion control lead to a positive volume of activation. Reactions for which rate enhancement is expected at high pressure include ... 

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