Charge fluctuation rate

E, incident electric field vector P, charge fluctuation rate ... 

It has been emphasized (Mock et al. 1986) that besides a systematic understanding of the occurrence or absence of elastic and phonon anomalies in different IV compounds the concept introduced above allows for a first experimental estimate of charge fluctuation rates. The direct experimental investigation of these has not been feasible, unlike the magnetic relaxation rates, which have been investigated intensively by quasielastic neutron scattering (Holland-Moritz et al. 

Interpreting these data within the framework given in sect. 3.1 we can estimate a charge fluctuation rate of roughly 100 cm well below the optical phonon frequencies, but within the range of the acoustic phonons. From the position of the LO(L) phonon frequencies of metallic SmS as well as Sm 25S between the divalent and trivalent reference lines one can estimate valences of 2.8 and 2.3, respectively, which agree quite well with the valences deduced from Lm spectroscopy as given by Allen et al. (1980) and by Weber et al. (1989), respectively. 

As shown above, the intrinsic fluorescence spectra of proteins as well as coenzyme groups and probes shift within very wide ranges depending on their environment. Since the main contribution to spectral shifts is from relaxational properties of the environment, the analysis of relaxation is the necessary first step in establishing correlations of protein structure with fluorescence spectra. Furthermore, the study of relaxation dynamics is a very important approach to the analysis of the fluctuation rates of the electrostatic field in proteins, which is of importance for the understanding of biocatalytic processes and charge transport. Here we will discuss briefly the most illustrative results obtained by the methods of molecular relaxation spectroscopy. 

Most intriguing to newcomers, these sampling frequencies are not expressed as ordinary sinusoidal ("real-frequency") oscillations. Instead they are crafted in the language of exponential (horribly designated as imaginary-frequency") variations pertaining to the ways in which spontaneous charge fluctuations die away. Different kinds of fluctuations die at different rates ... 

In general the Cooper pairs in conventional superconductors induced by phonons have. -symmetry where the gap opens uniformly on the Fermi surface and the temperature dependence of physical quantities below Tc is exponential. On the other hand, when the attractive force originates from spin or electron charge fluctuations, the Cooper pair has p- or d-wavc symmetry where the gap disappears on lines or points on the Fermi surface and the physical quantities have power-law temperature dependences. The quantities that are measured by NMR and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) are the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate, 1 / T, the Knight shift, K, the spin echo decay rate, 1/T2 and the NQR frequency, vq. The most important quantities, K and 1/77 for the determination of the symmetry of the Cooper pairs are reviewed in the following sections. 

Liquid breakup High resistivity liquids ( > 1010 ohm cm) Ionic liquids ( o < 1010 ohm cm) Statistical distribution due to ion concentration fluctuations (most probable charge = 0) Double layer disruption Unequal ion mobility or migration rates Interface contaminants (incl. surfactants)... 

In this model, whether kq is a function of the solvent viscosity depends upon the relative magnitudes of Mint) and Mext). If Mint) Mext),then kq will depend upon viscosity if Mint) > Mext), the structural fluctuations in the protein allowing penetration of the quencher determine the magnitude of M and change in bulk viscosity may not affect this rate. Simulation of protein penetration behavior suggests that the penetration rate should be extremely sensitive to the size and charge of the quencher.(65)... 

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