Charge Particle Activation Analysis

Acronyms CPAA (charge particle activation analysis) 

CPAA has no special limitations on the type of samples that can be studied. The sample should have a size of the order of cm in the usual case of solid samples. 

The simplest measurement is possible for solid samples with good thermal conductivity, not powdered and available as a foil or sheet with the thickness slightly larger than the range of the charged particles in the material (it means that charged particles should be stopped in the sample). However, CPAA also offers a number of possibilities for the determination of trace elements in biological materials. 

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The characteristics of radiochemical methods are well known [435]. An overview of the determination of elements by nuclear analytical methods has appeared [436]. Some selected reviews of nuclear methods of analysis are available charged particle activation analysis [437,438], instrumental neutron activation analysis [439-441] and ion-beam analysis [442]. 

Charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) is based on charged particle induced nuclear reactions producing radionuclides that are identified and quantified by their characteristic decay radiation. CPAA allows trace element determination in the bulk of a solid sample as well characterization of a thin surface layer. 

Strijckmans, K. (1997) Charged particle activation analysis. In Surface Characterisation A Practical Approach, Hellborg, R., Brune, D., Eds., Scandinavian Scientific Press VCH, Weinheim, Germany. 

Nazaki, T N. Yatsurugi, N. Akiyana, and I. Imai Charged Particle Activation Analysis for Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen in Semiconductor Silicon. The 1968 International Conference Modem Trends in Activation Analysis, Gaithersburg, Maryland, October 7—11, 1968, Paper 8. 

A Study of Coal Oxidation by Charged-Particle Activation Analysis... 

The purpose of this study is to apply the unique technique of Charged Particle Activation Analysis (CPAA) to distinguish the characteristics of the oxidation process from a different point of view and define parameters which can be determined by this technique. The parameters to be determined are (1) the kinetics of the adsorption of oxygen containing species, (2) the elemental composition of the oxide layer and how deeply it extends into the particle, and (3) the number of reactive sites on or near the surface. 

Kinetic Experiments. The technique of Charged Particle Activation Analysis (CPAA) for analysis of oxygen in coal has been described previously (J3). In the experiments to study the adsorption of oxygen onto the coal, a slight modification of this procedure has been used. Small lumps of coal were transferred in... 

NAA, XRF, and isotope dilution analysis, by listing the parameters analytes determinable, concentration ranges, selectivity, analysis time and cost. Vandecasteele (1991) presents a review of recent developments and trends in instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis as well as charged particle activation analysis and performance comparison with ICP-MS. 

INAA with isotope neutron sources) and Vandecasteele (1986) (Applications of charged particle activation analysis). 

Vandecasteele C (1986) Applications of charged particle activation analysis. In Hoste J, general author. In Elving PJ, Krivan Vand Kolthoff IM, eds. Treatise on analytical chemistry. Part 1 (Theory and practice). Second edition. Vol 14, section K (Nuclear activation and radioisotopic methods of analysis). Chapter 8, Applications of nuclear activation analysis, pp. 759-777. John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Mahler, D.T., Scott, A.S., Walsh. J.R. and Haynic, G. (1970). A study of trace metals in finger nails and hair using neutron activation analysis. J.Nucl. Med. 11,739-742 Malik. S.R. and Fremlin, J.H. (1974). A study of lead distribution in human teeth using charged particle activation analysis. Caries Res. 8, 283-292 Manly, R.S. and Hodge, H.G. (1939). Density and refractive index studies of dental hard tissue, J. Dent. Res. 18,133-141... 

Charged particle activation analysis Liquidus 1685 0-0.01 Nozaki et al. (1970) [81]... 

MeV neutron activation analysis has been widely employed in the direct determination of oxygen in rocks and of nitrogen in food grains and explosives. Charged-particle activation analysis is useful in the analysis of thin films or coatings on metals. 

Nixon and others (652,653,654,655,657,659) have investigated the concentrations of Mn, Sb, Hg, Cu and other elemental species in the enamel from human teeth. As a result of some of this work, Nixon and Smith (658) have shown that submicrogram amounts of Hg could be a hazard in dental surgery. Hadjimarkos (369) indicates that the selenium content of human milk could have a possible effect on dental caries. In another study Sairenji et al. (795) investigated the effect of arsenic on the hard tissues of arsenic devitalized teeth. Stubbins and Fremlin (923) used charged-particle activation analysis to estimate the distribution of C, Ca, and P in dental enamel. 

Blondiaux G, Debrun JL, and Maggiore CJ (1995) Charged particle activation analysis. In Tesmer JR, Nastasi M, Barbour JC, Maggiore CJ, and Mayer JW (eds.) Handbook of Modern Ion Beam Analysis. Pittsburgh Material Research Society. 

Casteleyn K, Strijckmans K, and Dams R (1992) Internal standardization in charged particle activation analysis. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 68 161-165. 

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