Charge factor

The capital charge factor (/3) multiplied by the capital cost of the plant (Co) gives the cost of servicing the total capital required. Suppose the capital costs of a plant at the beginning of the first year is Co and the plant has a life of N years so an annual amount must be provided which is (Co/ + B). The first term (CoO is the simple interest payment and the second (B) matures into the capital repayment after N years (i.e. interest added to the accumulated sum at the end of each year), thus... 

The reciprocal value, / = l/V/Ah of the coulometric efficiency is called the charging factor. The coulometric efficiency for electrochemical energy conversion is about 70-90 percent for nickel/cadmium and nearly 100 percent for lithium-ion accumulators [14]. 

Graf (G8) measured the pressure buildup due to electrostatic charging of stationary drops. He found this pressure to be some 30-60% of the value given by Eq. (4), independent of polarity of charge or dielectric constant of the liquid. This factor, which he terms a charging factor, was a function of both geometry and liquid properties. It may also reflect polarization effects that are neglected in Eq. (4). 

A proper D mechanism requires that kx be identical to the rate constant for the exchange of solvent (due account being taken of any statistical correction when more than one solvent molecule is present) and the value of k2 (in reality the term fc2/fc i[S] is used because the constants cannot be separated) should be sensitive to the chemical nature of L rather than its size and charge (factors that control Kos in an interchange mechanism). The most convincing demonstration of a D mechanism would be found in cases where k2/k-1[S] is much larger than any value expected for an outer-sphere complex formation constant, but this is not a necessary requirement for the mechanism. 

Detailed estimates similar to Table XIX were carried out for each case. The results are summarized and compared on Table XX. Factors used for labor, maintenance, taxes, and insurance are typical of those used for analyzing long-term, large scale commercial projects. The capital charge factor, the yearly rate at which the investment is charged to the project, was chosen to provide about a 15% after-tax discounted cash flow (DCF) rate of return on investment based on reasonable and commonly used assumptions for projects of this type and magnitude. These assumptions are summarized on Table XVIII. 

Process Capital investment (Smillion) Annualized capital cost ( ) (capital charge factor, 0.17) Minimum ethanol selling price ( /gal ethanol) Conversion of hexose to EtOH ... 

Carbonyl anions and cations are found not to obey equation (14) in its most simple form. They can be included in the scheme, however, if the charge is taken into account via a parameter C (the charge factor) to give the more complete relationship... 

TABLE 5. Theoretical intensity parameters and ), charge factors and hgating atom polarizabihties calculated for -diketonate complexes... 

Purchased cost factor, pipes Capital charges factor, piping Maintenance cost factor, piping... 

The potential tot derives from all the sources present in the model, i.e. the solute and the apparent surface charges. Factor /e of eq.(37) reflects the boundary conditions of the electrostatic problem. The inclusion of this factor means that the gradient at sk is computed in the inner part of the surface element (the dielectric constant is e for the medium and 1 for the inner cavity space). 

A more recent way of describing the parasitic capacitor-based effects in a mosfet is in terms of gate charge factors. In Figure 5-15, we show how these charge factors, Qgs, Qgd, and Qg,... 

Basically, we are using the gate charge factors to tell us what the effective capacitances are (and the voltage swings from 0 to Vin). We see that the effective input capacitance (Ciss), for... 

Figure 5-16 Estimating the Effective Interelectrode Capacitances from the Gate Charge Factors (Si4442DY as an example)...

The main reaction current is the battery current minus the loss current (/loss)-The loss current must be calculated. A simple empirical method is the use of a charge factor ... 

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