Charge equilibrium factor

In this equation, y is the charge equilibrium factor, is the probability of exci-ton formation from one electron-hole pair, and jjpl is the quantum yield for the photoluminescence. 

Y is the ratio of the numbers of injected electrons and holes, and is called the charge equilibrium factor. If all the injected electrons and holes are consumed by recombination, then y = 1. When the electron and the hole currents are unequal, then y < 1. 

A model has been developed to calculate the size distributions of the short lived decay products of radon in the indoor environment. In addition to the classical processes like attachment, plate out and ventilation, clustering of condensable species around the radioactive ions, and the neutralization of these ions by recombination and charge transfer are also taken into account. Some examples are presented showing that the latter processes may affect considerably the appearance and amount of the so called unattached fraction, as well as the equilibrium factor. 

The equilibrium constants K and f)2 increase as the ligand pKt increases. The increases in porphyrin basicity and solvent polarity also increase / 2, indicating the importance of the charge neutralization factor in the iron(III) porphyrin coordination chemistry (Table 6).86 For preparative purposes, five-coordinate complexes of the weak ligands are conveniently used to avoid contamination of the mixed ligand species Fe(Por)XL. 

This step is diffusion-controlled it depends on the rate of collisions between the oppositely charged species. Factors influencing this step are the polyelectrolyte concentration and the temperature. The second step is rearrangement of these initial complexes towards their equilibrium state. These rearrangements occur via polyelectrolyte exchange reactions between the polymer chains within the complex or with free polymer chains in solution [3, 4]. 

Solutions of charged latex spheres have been extensively studied and as a result an essential quantitative understanding of the equilibrium properties has emerged. For spheres the form factor P(q) is already known and the scattered intensity is simply given by I(q) = P(q) S(q). The charge-charge structure factor for these systems is easily obtained under the zero-average-contrast condition (zac), b,c, = 0, where simply I ac(partial structure factors as indicat in Eq. (2.19) have to be measured because crosscorrelations do not exist. 

In discussing the elFect of structure on the stabilization of alkyl cations on the basis of the carbonylation-decarbonylation equilibrium constants, it is assumed that—to a first approximation—the stabilization of the alkyloxocarbonium ions does not depend on the structure of the alkyl group. The stabilization of the positive charge in the alkyloxocarbonium ion is mainly due to the resonance RC = 0 <-> RC = 0+, and the elFect of R on this stabilization is only of minor importance. It has been shown by Brouwer (1968a) that even in the case of (tertiary) alkylcarbonium ions, which would be much more sensitive to variation of R attached to the electron-deficient centre, the stabilization is practically independent of the structure of the alkyl groups. Another argument is found in the fact that the equilibrium concentrations of isomeric alkyloxocarbonium ions differ by at most a factor of 2-3 from each other (Section III). Therefore, the value of K provides a quantitative measure of the stabilization of an alkyl cation. In the case of R = t-adamantyl this equilibrium constant is 30 times larger than when R = t-butyl or t-pentyl, which means that the non-planar t-adamantyl ion is RT In 30= 2-1 kcal... 

Answer We look at both sides of the equilibrium and compare the negative charge on either side. Then we ask which one is more stable. We use the four factors ... 

However, under working conditions, with a current density j, the cell voltage E(j) decreases greatly as the result of three limiting factors the charge transfer overpotentials r]a,act and Pc,act at the two electrodes due to slow kinetics of the electrochemical processes (p, is defined as the difference between the working electrode potential ( j), and the equilibrium potential eq,i). the ohmic drop Rf. j, with the ohmic resistance of the electrolyte and interface, and the mass transfer limitations for reactants and products. The cell voltage can thus be expressed as... 

If the reaction in the cell proceeds to unit extent, then the charge nF corresponding to integral multiples of the Faraday constant is transported through the cell from the left to the right in its graphical representation. Factor n follows from the stoichiometry of the cell reaction (for example n = 2 for reaction c or d). The product nFE is the work expended when the cell reaction proceeds to a unit extent and at thermodynamic equilibrium and is equal to the affinity of this reaction. Thus,... 

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