Charge crystallite

Figure 15 Electrostatic charge of PET fiber versus average crystallite size perpendicular to the chain direction.

In the second group of models, the pc surface consists only of very small crystallites with a linear parameter y, whose sizes are comparable with the electrical double-layer parameters, i.e., with the effective Debye screening length in the bulk of the diffuse layer near the face j.262,263 In the case of such electrodes, inner layers at different monocrystalline areas are considered to be independent, but the diffuse layer is common for the entire surface of a pc electrode and depends on the average charge density <7pc = R ZjOjOj [Fig. 10(b)]. The capacitance Cj al is obtained by the equation... 

To prepare the charge generation material of photoreceptor used in xerography, the crude VOPc synthesized at 150 °C for 4 h in the microwave synthesis was acid-treated, and then recrystallized. As shown in Fig. 4, the amorphous VOPc can be obtainol from crude VOPc by acid-treatment and the fine crystal VOPc can he obtained fixim amorphous VOPc by recrystallization. From XRD results, it can be calculated that the crystallite size of fine crystal VOPc is about 18 nm. As shown in Fig. 5, the fine crystal VOPc is well dispersed with uniform size. It indicates that this fine crystal VOPC can be probably used as the chaige generation material of photoreceptor. Thus, further research will be required to measure the electrophotographic properties of fine crystal VOPc. 

Studies performed on CdS [282, 283] have revealed the importance of the microstructure, i.e., crystal structure, crystallite size, and geometrical surface area, in both the control of band structure and the concentration and mobility of charges, in relation to the photocatalytic performance of the photocatalyst. It has been shown also that the solubility product of CdS colloids prepared from acetate buffer aqueous solutions of suitable precursors increases from 7.2x 10 for large particles to about 10 for small (< 2.5 nm) particle colloids, this increase invoking a positive shift on the cathodic corrosion potential [284]. 

To determine correlation between (t) and nd, therefore, to find out the type of dependence f let us consider the occupation kinetics for ASS levels by free charge carriers. The capturing of charge carriers occurring during transition of adsorption particles into the charged form will be considered, as usual, in adiabatic approximation, i.e. assuming that at any moment of time there is a quasi-equilibrium and the system of crystallites is characterized by immediate equilibrium values and L inside the conduction (valence) band. 

In order to interpret correctly the results of electrophysical measurements conducted on vacuum - sintered ZnO semiconductor films one should answer the question concerning the origin of contacts between specific crystallites controlling the electric conductivity of the material. This was accomplished in paper [37] using the method of prerelaxation VAC to run a comparative analysis of mechanisms of charge transfer in thin sintered (in vacuum) films and pressed polycrystalline ZnO samples. 

DPB as well as other DPP molecules (t-stilbene, diphenyl-hexatriene) with relatively low ionization potential (7.4-7.8 eV) and low vapor pressure was successfully incorporated in the straight channel of acidic ZSM-5 zeolite. DPP lies in the intersection of straight channel and zigzag channel in the vicinity of proton in close proximity of Al framework atom. The mere exposure of DPP powder to Bronsted acidic ZSM-5 crystallites under dry and inert atmosphere induced a sequence of reactions that takes place during more than 1 year to reach a stable system which is characterized by the molecule in its neutral form adsorbed in the channel zeolite. Spontaneous ionization that is first observed is followed by the radical cation recombination according to two paths. The characterization of this phenomenon shows that the ejected electron is localized near the Al framework atom. The reversibility of the spontaneous ionization is highlighted by the recombination of the radical cation or the electron-hole pair. The availability of the ejected electron shows that ionization does not proceed as a simple oxidation but stands for a real charge separated state. 

As Talibudeen (1 ) states, it is unwise to assign them simply to the interlayer, edge, and planar surfaces of clays in the way that Bol t et al. (22) and Schouwenberg and Schuffelen (20) did, an interpretation that has become widely accepted. Several reasons can be adduced for the strong adsorption of K which involve physical (specific) and charge (coulombic effects). The occurrence of several types of sites in one sample could also reflect interstratification within relatively large crystallites (31) or, as has recently been suggested by Nadeau et al. 

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