Characteristics remotely activated

Battery designs that provide such advantages as recyclability, extended shelf life prior to use, remote activation, adjustment in load current with minimum voltage variations, and operation under extreme temperature conditions, have been developed over the years. All these performance characteristics, however, cannot be found in any one battery design a few... 

Radiometry. Radiometry is the measurement of radiant electromagnetic energy (17,18,134), considered herein to be the direct detection and spectroscopic analysis of ambient thermal emission, as distinguished from techniques in which the sample is actively probed. At any temperature above absolute zero, some molecules are in thermally populated excited levels, and transitions from these to the ground state radiate energy at characteristic frequencies. Erom Wien s displacement law, T = 2898 //m-K, the emission maximum at 300 K is near 10 fim in the mid-ir. This radiation occurs at just the energies of molecular rovibrational transitions, so thermal emission carries much the same information as an ir absorption spectmm. Detection of the emissions of remote thermal sources is the ultimate passive and noninvasive technique, requiring not even an optical probe of the sampled volume. 

Two of the Gy effector complexes that we describe in this chapter involve interactions between the Ga protein and RGS-like domains of the effector. As discussed in greater detail in Section V, many RGS domains exhibit GAP activity toward Ga. This is true for the major family of RGS domains whose members share substantial sequence similarity. The RGS-like domains of pll5RhoGEF and GRK2 belong to separate and distinct subgroups that bear only remote sequence similarity to the larger family of RGS GAPs, and bind to Ga in the mode characteristic of effectors. 

One should also consider that the potential success of similarity methods is not exclusively determined by representation- and reference frame-dependent SAR characteristics. Importantly, the success of similarity methods is also influenced by more technical factors. In other words, SAR categories principally determine if similarity search calculations can succeed whether they actually do is another question. For example, the intrinsic structural diversity of active compounds related by many continuous SARs makes similarity calculations particularly difficult because remote similarity relationships must be... 

Gamma-ray spectrometry is a probe of nudear rather than chemical processes, but its high specificity and sensitivity have applications in analysis of materials (286). It is especially suited for activation analysis. Unstable nudides produced by nudear bombardment can be identified by their characteristic gamma-ray decay emissions. An important example is slow neutron capture by nitrogen with subsequent decay of 15 detected from its 1.7—10.8 MeV gamma lines, a signature useful for remote, nondestmctive detection of possible hidden explosives (see Explosives and propet. t.ents). Gamma-ray... 

Recently, optodes (optical fiber chemical sensors) have been actively studied due to their inherent characteristics such as immunity to electrical noise, ease of miniaturization and the possibility of real time monitoring and remote sensing. For example, a change in absorption peak with humidity is observed using a Nafion membrane ion exchanged with dye, such as crystal violet305 or tri-phenylcarbinol.306 Similarly, a Nafion membrane loaded with the ruthenium complex [Ru(bpy)2(dhphen)]2 (bpy 2,2 -bipyridine, dhphen 4,7-dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthroline) has been used as an optical pH sensor.307... 

For promethium, most of the mass in aged fission products consists of 2.62-year Pm, which (except for half-life) has decay characteristics similar to Tc. The dominant decay mode is 224-keV p decay to the ground state. Only 0.0057% of decays feeds excited states. The most intense y-ray is the 0.0029% 121.2-keV y-ray. Because of its high specific activity and the absence of penetrating radiation, Pm has been used as a source of energy in thermoelectric converters for remote applications. 

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