Character states morphological

Figure 2.22(B). A phylogeny for all species of the bonito + tuna clade proposed by Graham and Dickson (2000) and based upon both morphological and gene sequence data. Mapped onto this phylogeny are the character states associated with evolution of endothermy and evolution of expanded scope for activity. (Modified from Block, 1995, and Graham and Dickson, 2000.)...

Wagner, P. J. (2000). Exhaustion of morphologic character states among fossil taxa. Evolution, 54, 365-86. 

Stevens, P.F., On characters and character states do overlapping and non-overlapping variation, morphology and molecules all yield data of the same value., in Homology and Systematics Coding Characters for Phylogenetic Analysis, Scotland, R.W. and Pennington, T., Eds., Taylor and Francis, London, 2000, pp. 81-105. 

To evaluate the phylogenetic position of the fossil taxon Cohongarootonia (PP53716), the specimen was scored according to the characters and character states in the morphological data set for recent basal angiosperms developed by Endress and... 

Character states were optimized on a topology (the backbone tree) based on the combined analysis of morphology, 18S nrDNA, rbcL and atpB by Doyle and Endress (2000), but also incorporating changes and updates based on more recent analyses (e.g. Doyle et al., 2008 Endress and Doyle, 2009 Doyle and Endress, 2010). Ancestral states were reconstructed using the Ancestral State Reconstruction Package implemented in Mesquite (Maddison and Maddison, 2007) and the... 

Definition of Morphological Characters and Coding of Character States, after Kruijer (2002)... 

Morphological characters were optimized using Winclada version 1.000.08 (Nixon, 2002), assuming accelerated transformation (ACCTRAN). Character state changes were evaluated using MACCLADE version 3.0.8 (Maddison and Maddison, 1992). 

---