Character states

DAHLGREN, R., A commentary on a diagrammatic presentation of the angiosperms in relation to the distribution of character states, Plant Syst. Evol., 1977, Supplement 1, 253-283. 

Divinorum show any obvious affinity, nor is intermediacy between two known species evident. Although the various character states of S. 

In Tertiary Correlations and Climatic Changes in the Pacific. Hatai H (ed) Sasaki, Sendai, Japan, p 67-76 Wolfe JA, Spicer RA (1999) Fossil leaf character states multivariate analyses. In Fossil plants and spores modem techniques. Jones TP. Rowe NP (eds) Geol Soc London, p 233-239... 

The relative lengths of the environmental parameter vectors on the first and second axes (Fig. 7) can be used a measure of importance for the various climate parameters at constraining the directions of the axes. The mean annual temperature has the longest length, followed by enthalpy, specific humidity, and relative humidity. From these scores, we can identify the first axis with mean annual temperature while the second axis aligns with the mean specific or relative humidity. These associations also allow us to infer which character states are most important for estimating the climate parameters as discussed next. 

Fig. 10. Magnetic parameters for solutions of cesium-133 in various amines and ethers, and in HMPA. Open symbols are for fluid solution studies (130). Dotted lines on the ordinate show the limiting high- and low-atomic-character states observed in frozen Cs-HMPA solutions (16). Solvent identification as in Fig. 8.

The low-atomic-character state (85MA) can be interpreted (19) in terms of the loose ion-pair picture (Fig. 6), or alternatively, as a large-radius monomeric state [af, estimated (17) to be in the region 10-15 A], Experimental magnetic parameters and unpaired electron spin densities at the metal nucleus for the MA species are shown in Table II. 

Lamarck recognized a similar principle of evolution referred to as inheritance of acquired characters, stating that variations in character-istics seen in organisms were acquired in response to the environment. 

Figure 2.22(B). A phylogeny for all species of the bonito + tuna clade proposed by Graham and Dickson (2000) and based upon both morphological and gene sequence data. Mapped onto this phylogeny are the character states associated with evolution of endothermy and evolution of expanded scope for activity. (Modified from Block, 1995, and Graham and Dickson, 2000.)...

Cladistic analysis of molecular sequence characters differs from that described by Hennig17 for organismal characters in several important ways. Molecules do not leave fossils, thus there is no hard record of which character state (i.e., amino acid residue) is ancestral and which is derived at any position in a sequence. The 20 common amino acids are found in all living forms and therefore have nothing inherently ancestral or derived about them. Furthermore, amino acid replacements have no intrinsic directionality, even though some replacements are more likely to occur than others. In other words, amino add replacements are not inherently polarized. In addition, amino acid replacements and nucleotide substitutions are reversible. For these reasons, the character state(s) of the outgroup molecule(s) cannot be assumed to be ancestral. 

---