Chaptal

C5. Chaptal, J., Jean, R., Dossa, D., Bonnet, H., Paulet, A. Crastes de, and Navarro, M, Coeliac disease with intolerance of the gliadin of wheat and oats and of milk products. P6diatrie 12, 737-747 (1957). 

See Bensaude-Vincent s analysis of Lavoisier s views on the need to reorganize the teaching of chemistry, including previously unpublished texts, in "A View of the Chemical Revolution through Contemporary Textbooks Lavoisier, Fourcroy and Chaptal," BJHS 23 (1990) 435460. 

From 1892 until 1904, when he became a lecturer at the Sorbonne, Lespieau taught chemistry at the College Chaptal and at the Ecole Primaire Superieure Lavoisier. When he completed his dissertation in late 1896, his defense at-... 

A View of the Chemical Revolution through Contemporary Textbooks Lavoisier, Fourcroy and Chaptal." BJHS 23 (1990) 435460. 

In 1798 J.-A. Chaptal described the improvements which had been made in this process since 1750-53, when an account of it had been... 

Chaptal s textbook of chemistry was also used at the Mining Academy, but in 1820 it was superseded by that of M.-J.-B. Orfila (13). 

When von Humboldt visited Mexico in 1803, del Rio gave him several specimens of the brown lead ore. Von Humboldt sent some of them to the Institut de France with an explanatory letter giving del Rio s analysis and his conclusions regarding the close resemblance of the new metal to chromium and uranium. A more detailed description addressed to Chaptal was lost in a shipwreck (10). 

Since Berthollet, Gay-Lussac, Thenard, A.-F. de Fourcroy, and J.-A.-C. Chaptal all belonged to the French school founded by the illustrious Lavoisier, it was difficult for them to admit the existence of an acid that contained no oxygen, but nevertheless they soon had to yield to the convincing evidence presented by Sir Humphry (S, 41). Dr. John Murray in Edinburgh and Berzelius in Stockholm continued, however, for some time to regard chlorine as a compound. 

Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal, Comte de Chanteloup, 1756-1832. French physician, chemist, and manufacturer of saltpeter, soda, and beet sugar. Minister of the Interior under Napoleon. Author of books on chemical industry. 

Clement believed iodine to be an element similar to chlorine 12), and showed it, first to J.-A.-C. Chaptal and A.-M. Ampere, and later to Sir Humphry Davy. The proof of its elementary nature was given independently by Davy in England and by Gay-Lussac in France. Davy showed that iodine vapor is not decomposed by a carbon filament heated red-hot by a voltaic current (12, 46). In his classical research, the results of which were published in 1814, Gay-Lussac prepared hydrogen... 

Glass from Volcanic Products,—Dumas remarks that certain lavas, pumices, pitchstone, and other volcanic products, approach so closely to bottle-glass in their composition, that the possibility cf turning them to account in this way cannot be doubted. The merit of the first attempts of this kind is due to Chaptal aod if these attempts did not succeed, this must be attributed to the timo at which thoy were made, rather than to the idea itself, which is both good in theory and must be capable of succeeding in practice. The analyses will be sufficient to prove this —9... 

In 1790, Chaptal, Professor of Chemistry at Montpelier, wrote his Elements de Chymie based on the new system and Lavoisier wrote to him as follows (1791) ... 

Chaptal, Jean-Antoine-Claude. Chemistry Applied to Arts and Manufactures. R. Phillips, London. 1807. 

Other disaccharides identified in wine (sucrose, isomaltose, lactose and turanose) are present in small amounts, seldom >50 mg/L and sometimes <5 mg/L (Bertrand et al. 1975). Sucrose appears in wines at very low levels. It is added occasionally to musts (chaptalization). 

Berthollet s and Fourcroy s divergent approaches to chemical composition and affinity were informed by their respective expertise in industrial and pharmaceutical chemistry. Berthollet and his associates appreciated the fickle nature of the chemical processes used in industrial production and tried to rationalize their erratic behavior by characterizing the physical conditions that affected outcomes. Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal (1756-1832), who had a serious interest in industrial chemistry, advocated Berthollet s system. If affinity provided the guiding light for the younger authors of the Chemical Revolution, then, their conceptions... 

Lavoisier, Sur la maniere d enseigner la chimie (1792) [Dossier Lavoisier Ms. 1259, archive of Academie des Sciences] printed in Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent, A view of the chemical revolution through contemporary textbooks Lavoisier, Fourcroy and Chaptal, British Journal for the History of Science 23, 1990, 435-460, at 456-460. 

Science 17, 1984, 31-46 Carleton E. Perrin, Of Theory Shifts and Industrial Innovations The Relations of J. A. C. Chaptal and A. L. Lavoisier, Annals of Science 43, 1986, 511-542 Jean Dhombres, Quelques Reflexions de et sur Chaptal. A propos de la Revolution chimique, in Lavoisier et la Revolution chimique, ed. Goupil Jeff Horn and M. C. Jacob, Jean-Antoine Chaptal and the Cultural Roots of French Industrialization, Technology and Culture 34, 1998, 671-698. 

Fourcroy, Elements of Chemistry (1796), 36-73 M. I. A. Chaptal,. lemens de chymie, third edition (Paris Deterville, 1796), 20-37 Thomas Thomson, A System of Chemistry (Edinburgh Bell Bradfute, 1810), volume 3, 414-432 Edward Turner, Elements of Chemistry, fourth American edition (Philadelphia Grigg Elliot, 1832), 109-121 L. J. Thenard, Traite de chimie elementaire, theorique et pratique, second edition (Paris Crochard, 1817), volume 1, 1-6. 

Dhombres, Jean. Quelques Reflexions de et sur Chaptal. A propos de la Revolution chimique. In Lavoisier et la Revolution chimique, ed. M. Goupil (SABIX—Ecole polytechnique, 1992). 

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