CHAI

Remer, D. S., and Chai, L. H., Design Cost Factors for Scaling-up Engineering Equipment, Chem. Engg. Progr., 86 Aug. 77, 1990. 

Evans J M, Spence D E, Sibbett W, Chai B H T and Miller A 1992 50 fs pulse generation from a self-mode-locked Cr LiSrAIFg laser Opt. Lett. 17 1447-9... 

Weaver J H, Chai Y, Kroll G H, Ohno T R, Haufler R E, Guo T, Alford J M, Conceicao J, Chibante L P F, Jain A, Palmer G and Smalley R E 1992 XPS probes of carbon caged metals Chem. Phys. Lett. 190 460... 

In case of three conical intersections, we have as many as eight different sets of eigenfunctions, and so on. Thus we have to refer to an additional chai acterization of a given sub-sub-Hilbert space. This characterization is related to the number Nj of conical intersections and the associated possible number of sign flips due to different contours in the relevant region of configuration space, traced by the electronic manifold. 

Name Chai Dou Cotto Cocon Palm Corn Palm Castor Rapese Rapese Soybe Siinflo Herrin Sardin Tallow Tall oil... 

Refrigerating capacity is the product of mass flow rate of refrigerant m and refrigerating effect R which is (for isobaric evaporation) R = hevaporator outlet evaporator mJef Powei P required foi the coiTipressiou, necessary for the motor selection, is the product of mass flow rate m and work of compression W. The latter is, for the isentropic compression, W = hjisehatge suction- Both of thoso chai acteristics could be calculated for the ideal (without losses) and for the ac tual compressor. ideaUy, the mass flow rate is equal to the product of the compressor displacement per unit time and the gas density p m = p. 

Modern analytical pyrolysis has conventionally been canied out only by thermal energy to break some covalent bonds in the sample molecules at elevated temperatures to produce smaller and/or volatile fragments (pyrolyzates). On the other hand, the reactive pyrolysis in the presence of organic alkaline, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide [(CH / NOH] (TMAH) has recently received much attention especially in the field of chai acterizing condensation polymers. 

After brief discussion of the state-of-the-art of modern Py-GC/MS, some most recent applications for stixictural and compositional chai acterization of polymeric materials are described in detail. These include microstixictural studies on sequence distributions of copolymers, stereoregularity and end group chai acterization for various vinyl-type polymers such as polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate by use of conventional analytical pyrolysis. 

Nano-chai acterization of materials trace metals, point defects, chemical states, and their distribution... 

Different tests for estimation the accuracy of fit and prediction capability of the retention models were investigated in this work. Distribution of the residuals with taking into account their statistical weights chai acterizes the goodness of fit. For the application of statistical weights the scedastic functions of retention factor were constmcted. Was established that random errors of the retention factor k ai e distributed normally that permits to use the statistical criteria for prediction capability and goodness of fit correctly. 

The criteria chai acterizing the robustness of parameters of retention model for the changing of experimental data number were proposed to estimate the prediction capability of the models. 

Process of the consecutive replacement Br"-ions on Thio in [AuBr ] ions can be chai acterized constants of replacement They can... 

Sensitivity of the proposed method correlates with molai absorptivity of the cyanine dye. Mixed POMs PMeMo O j (Me=TP+, Sb +, BP+) were chosen as analytical form because of its higher stability as compared with 12-molybdophosphate. Only 2-3T0 concentration of molybdate is enough for complete formation of POM avoiding in this way formation of lA with polymolybdate ions. In addition, mixed POMs are stable in wider interval of pH. Increasing of anion chai ge from 3 to 5(6) is also favorable. Constant absorbance of lA is observed in the acidity range of 0.12-0.28 M. 

Having wide and increasing quantity of RP HPLC sorbents in disposal the main question in RP HPLC is their interchangeability. Column chai acteristics that ai e usually described by their manufacturers are not full enough for the analytic to choose a suitable column for the specified resolutions or he ought to choose other similar column used before. In fact, nomenclature of reversed-phase stationai y phases is too unsophisticated and is a source of confusion in their application. 

A theoretical description of hydrogen bonding effects can be made from model of charge-controlled adsorption. It was found that the energy of adsorption of organic molecules ai e determined by the ratios between the effective chai ges of their atoms and atoms in polai solvent molecules ... 

It was shown that selectivity of adsorbents in liquid chromatography might be considered as sum of nonspecific and specific pai ts. The angulai factor of dependence E = f(Q,) determines nonspecific chai ge-controlled selectivity of adsorbents ... 

The determination of organic compounds by their direct catalytic effect on indicator reaction rates is a relatively unexplored ai ea promising valuable analytical chai acteristics, as we have recently shown in the determination of traces of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) by the oxidation of 3,3, 5,5 -tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by atmospheric oxygen initiated with persulfate [1]. 

Eor the selective pre-concentration of deactivated phenols a new silica-based material with the grafted 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazole was proposed. This method is based on the formation of molecular chai ge-transfer comlexes of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazole (7t-acceptor) with picric acid (7t-donor) in the phase of the sorbent. Proposed SPE is suitable for HPEC analysis of nitrophenols after their desorption by acetonitrile. Test-system for visual monitoring of polynitrophenols under their maximum concentration limits was developed using the proposed adsorbent. 

Stratifying water systems for selective extraction of thiocyanate complexes of platinum metals have been proposed. The extraction degree of mthenium(III) by ethyl and isopropyl alcohols, acetone, polyethylene glycol in optimum conditions amounts to 95-100%. By the help of electronic methods, IR-spectroscopy, equilibrium shift the extractive mechanism has been proposed and stmctures of extractable compounds, which contain single anddouble-chai-ged acidocomplexes [Rh(SCN)J-, [Ru(SCN)J, [Ru(SCN)J -have been determined. Constants of extraction for associates investigated have been calculated. 

Method of Rh(III) - Ru(III) separation and isolation them from rai e and nonferrous metals based on formation of different charged complexes with varied stability has been proposed. Possibility of sepai ation of Ru(III), Rh(III), Pd(II), Pt(II) by water-soluble extractants from concentrated thiocyanate solutions has been displayed. Accelerated procedures of extraction-photometric determination of Rh(III), Ru(III) in solutions and waste products, which ai e chai acterized by high selectivity, availability, usage of non-toxic extractants have been worked out. 

High tendency of ZnfSCN) ion to extraction into organic phase is widely used for zinc determination by extraction photometry method. Recently it was shown that when single-chai ged anions ai e exchanged for double-chai ged ones, the selectivity of this process depends on the number of methyl substitutients in quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) cation. 

The working conditions of the immunosensor (enzyme and antigen concentrations, dilutions of the antibodies, pH of the buffer solution) were found. The cholinesterase immobilized demonstrated the maximum catalytic activity in phosphate buffer solution with pH 8.0. The analytical chai acteristics of the sensor - the interval of the working concentrations and detection limit - have been obtained. The proposed approach of immunoassay made possible to detect 5T0 mg/ml of the bacterial antigen. 

It is found that the validity of system suitability test depends on loading of dextran standai d. Chai acteristics for loading 3 was close to the middle of prescribed interval, for loading 2 it is close to the upper limit, for loading 1 it is outside of the limit. 

The liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technique was proposed for the determination of corticosteroids in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, liquor) of children with leucosis. Preliminai y sample prepai ation included the sedimentation of proteins, spinning and solid-phase extraction. MS detection was performed by scanning selected ions, with three chai acteristic ions for every corticosteroids. The limit of detection was found 80 pg/ml of plasma. 

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