Thrombosis cerebral venous and sinus

Strupp M, Villringer A, Bousser MG (2003) Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. In Brandt T, Caplan LR, Dichgans J, Diener HC, Kennard C (eds) Neurological disorders, course and treatment, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp 447-460... 

Einhaupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W et al. (1991). Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet 338 597-600 Einhaupl K, Bousser MG, de Bruijn SF et al. (2006). EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. European Journal of Neurology 13 553-559... 

Saadatnia M, Tajmirriahi M (2007). Hormonal contraceptives as a risk factor for cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. Acta Neurology Scandinavica 115 295-300 Southwick FS, Richardson EP, Swartz MN (1986). Septic thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses. Medicine (Baltimore) 65 82-106 Stam J (2005). Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. New England Journal of Medicine 352 1791-1798... 

Min J, Bhatt A, Aburashed R, Burton S. Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis associated with subcutaneous immunoglobulin injection and oral contraceptive use. Neurol Sci official J Italian Neurol Soc Italian Soc CUn Neurophysiol June 2012 33(3) 627-9. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Meningitis, basilar artery blood clots (thrombosis), cardioembolic stroke, cavernous sinus syndromes, cerebral venous blood clots (thrombosis), confusional states and acute memory disorders, epileptic and epileptiform encephalopathies, febrile seizures, haemophilus meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, subdural pus (empyema), or bruise (hematoma). 

Holder CA, Bell DA, Lundell AL, Ulmer JL, Glazier SS. Isolated straight sinus and deep cerebral venous thrombosis successful treatment with local infusion of urokinase. J Neurosurgery 1997 86 704-707. 

Thrombosis of superficial and deep cerebral veins as well as the venous sinuses is referred to as cerebral venous thrombosis, Advances in imaging techniques are making it possible to diagnose these conditions more frequently. The clinical features of cerebral vein thrombosis include headache,... 

Neurological involvement in Behcet s disease may be subclassified into two major forms a vascular-inflammatory process with focal or multifocal parenchymal involvement and a cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with intracranial hypertension. The vasculitis and meningitis may affect cerebral arteries, particularly in the posterior circulation, to cause ischemic stroke and possibly intracranial hemorrhage (Farah et al. 1998 Krespi et al 2001 Siva et al. 2004 Borhani Haghighi et al. 2005). 

Thrombosis in the dural sinuses or cerebral veins is much less common than cerebral arterial thromboembolism. It causes a variety of clinical syndromes, which often do not resemble stroke (Bousser and Ross Russell 1997). While ischemic arterial stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis share some causes (Southwick et al. 1986), others are specific to cerebral venous thrombosis (Table 29.1). A particularly high index of suspicion is required in women on the oral contraceptive pill (Saadatnia and Tajmirriahi 2007) and in the puerperium. In the past, cerebral venous thrombosis was strongly associated with otitis media and mastoiditis, lateral sinus thrombosis or otitic hydrocephalus, but the most common causes are now pregnancy and the puerperium, which cause 5-20% of the cerebral venous thrombosis in the developed world, the oral contraceptive pill, malignancy, dehydration, inflammatory disorders and hereditary coagulation disorders. No cause is found in around 20% of cases. 

Magnetic resonance imaging has greater sensitivity than CT for the changes of cerebral venous thrombosis (Bousser and Ross Russell 1997 Ferro et at 2007). In the acute phase, at less than three to five days, the thrombus is isointense on both Ti- and T2-weighted sequences. Subsequently, the thrombus becomes hyperintense (Fig. 29.3). After two to three weeks, findings depend on whether or not the sinus remains occluded or whether it is partly or completely recanalized. 

Filippidis, A., et al.. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis review of the demographics, pathophysiology, current diagnosis, and treatment. Neurosurg Focus, 2009. 27(5) p. E3. 

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) is a rare condition that affects 3 per 1,000,000, approximately 0.5% of all adult stroke cases (Table 7.9) [138, 139]. The most common presenting signs and symptoms are headache, seizures, vomiting, and papilledema. Visual changes, altered consciousness, cranial nerve palsies, nystagmus, and focal neurologic deficits are also... 

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