Cements margins

The cemented lap seam used in these cans is a sandwich of plate, organic coatings, and cement. The body is formed on a modified body-maker, and the process is based on the control of heat input and removal. Welded cans are also made on a modified bodymaker. Coated TFS body blanks with bare edges are fed into the bodymaker where the margins are cleaned so that a uniform electrical resistance will be presented to the electric current provided to weld the side seam. 

Gulabivala, K., Setchell, D. J. Davies, E. H. (1987). An application of the jet test method for the evaluation of disintegration of dental luting cements in marginal gaps analogous to those of crowns and bridges. Clinical Materials,... 

Prati, C., Nucci, C. Montanari, G. (1989). Effects of acid and cleansing agents on shear bond strength and marginal microleakage of glass-ionomer cements. Dental Materials, 5, 260-5. 

Dissolution of the cement has been associated with increased marginal... 

Tay et al. (1974, 1979) have studied the mechanism of erosion of the dental silicate cement in service, finding that grooving occurs at the margin between the restoration and the tooth. Erosion exposes the cavity and provides sites for the accumulation of food debris and bacteria which can cause inflammation of the gingiva (Larato, 1971). It also leads to staining of the restoration (Bock, 1971 Kent, Lewis Wilson, 1973). 

Andrews, J. T. Hembree, J. H. (1976). In vivo evaluation of the marginal leakage of four inlay cements. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 35, 532-7. 

The manufacturers of a mass product that is far from the end-user, such as cement or concrete, are under extreme price competition and slightest changes in, say, the cost stracture can be decisive. Elimination of water-soluble chrome-VI compounds that cause chromate-induced eczema would only increase the price of the product minimally. And even if the severe price competition did in fact permit this increased margin (which is highly probable in this example), there has been no significant iimovation push. Uirfortunately, this occupational disease is hardly perceived by the public and the costs incurred by this type of eczema evidently can be externalised by the cement industry (and covered by the employer s liability insurance). 

In the both the Hayes and Hickey zones mineralization occurs in three forms Type I mineralization consists of massive (> 90%) sulfide veins that range from 1 to 5 cm in width. These veins are for the most part restricted to the massive rhyolite of the Archibald Settlement Formation. However, where Type I veins intersect carapace-breccias or marginal zones of flows characterized by zones of contorted flow-layering and/or auto-breccia development, sulfides fill and cement the interstices such that rhyolite appears to be cemented by sulfide. 

The significant differences in the moduli of latexes and the cement hydrates (elastic moduli 0.001-10 GPa and 10-30 GPa respectively) causes most LMMs and LMCs to have a higher deformability and elasticity than ordinary cement mortar and concrete. Depending on the polymer type and polymer-cement ratio, the deformability and elastic modulus tends to initially increase with an increase in the polymer-cement ratio and subsequently decrease at higher ratios. Poisson s ratio however is only marginally affected [87, 94, 98]. 

Lack of adhesion of a dental restoration to tooth structure results in microleakage at tooth-restoration interface. This occurrence can result in discoloration at the margin of the restoration, or in the formation of caries. Occlusal forces on the restoration and differences between the coeffidents of thermal expansion of the cement and tooth material can lead to leakage. In addition, oral fluids and moisture may affect the adhesion. Microleakage of composite resin restorations has been reviewed by Ben-Amar [233]. Microleakage is not as serious a problem with glass-ionomer cements as it is with resin-based restorative materials, due to reduced polymerization shrinkage [234]. 

The Rose Run Sandstone is the best characterized of the Cambrian sandstones because it is also an oil and gas reservoir (Fig. 3). It is also the only one of the Cambrian sandstones that is known to retain its sandstone composition in the eastern part of the state rather than passing laterally into carbonate. The Rose Run Sandstone is a sandy layer in the middle of the Knox Dolomite (Fig. 4), which across much of eastern Ohio lies at depths suitable for injection of supercritical C02 (Fig. 3). The Rose Run Sandstone was deposited in a passive margin phase of the Appalachian Basin and consists of interbedded layers of carbonate, primarily dolos-tone, and sandstone (Fig. 5). The sandstone is compositionally mature, consisting largely of quartz. Subordinate reactive minerals are the alkali feldspars and locally abundant glauconite (Fig. 5). Dolomite and quartz are the dominant cements (Janssens 1973 Riley et al. 1993). 

Every year the U.S paper industry produces over 33 million metric tons of kraft lignin (1). Most of this biomass is burned as fuel but small amounts are used as binders, asphalt additives, or cement additives. Larger fractions of this waste would be used in other industrial or commercial processes if an economical way existed to convert lignin into a marketable product with sufficient profit margin to compensate for the loss of the fuel. 

Cement plants attract favorable power rates because the process is so energy intensive TDF cost per Btu is thus less of a savings. Second, cement kilns can accommodate many alternate fuels,1 such that regional availability and price for these may affect the marginal savings of TDF. For example, on the Southeast Gulf coast, petroleum coke is... 

The impact of the opportunity cost of carbon allowances on the marginal cost of production has been estimated and is shown in Table 4. It ranges from 0.3% for petroleum refining with an allowance price of l5/tC02, to 17% for steel with an allowance price of 30/tCOr The cement sector is an exception, with the impact on its marginal production costs lying well outside this range, at up to 140%. 

The pattern of impact between the sectors is that the steel and cement sectors are notably more affected, in terms of both profit and predicted emissions savings, than the newsprint sector. In contrast, the petroleum sector is only very marginally affected, due to its relatively low energy, and hence carbon, intensity. 

As import prices often cap selling prices, margins will be squeezed as costs rise. .. we expect no change in current cement prices. 

Under GF, EU firms see their production decreasing and their margin over variable production costs increasing with C02 prices. These facts have opposite effects on their EBITDA from cement sales, the EBITDA on cement. 

The lower it is, the lower is the production and the higher is the margin on production cost, so that the effect on the EBITDA cement is not trivial, as under GF. Conversely, the lower the OB allocation, the lower is the profit on emission. 

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