Cement, history

Kaufman J Cander H.S., Daniels L.D. and Meyers W.J. (1988) Calcite cement stratigraphy and cementation history of the Burlington-Keokuk Formation (Mississippian), Illinois and Missouri. J. Sediment. Petrol. 58, 312-326. 

Cement Kilns. The use of scrap tires as a supplemental fuel in cement kilns has had a fairly long history in Germany and Japan, where tires have been used for fuel since the early 1970s. Initially, the scrap tires were purchased by kilns for thek fuel value. As the relative cost of other fuels has... 

Both processes were practiced in secret for some time after thek revival, and Httie is known of thek early history. The cementation process flourished in the United Kingdom during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and continued to be used to a limited extent into the early part of the twentieth century. 

The early history of the material is obscure. According to Palmer (1891) it goes back to 1832, but this statement has never been corroborated. Rostaing (1878) patented a series of pyrophosphate cements which could include Zn, Mg, Cd, Ba and Ca. Rollins (1879) described a cement formed from zinc oxide and syrupy phosphoric acid. In the same paper he mentions zinc phosphate cements recently introduced by Fletcher and Weston. Similar information is given in a discussion of the Pennsylvania... 

The early history of the cement is obscure. Dreschfeld (1907) and Sanderson (1908) attributed its invention to Fletcher. Fletcher (1878,1879) certainly described cements formed from concentrated orthophosphoric acid solutions and sintered mixtures of oxides which included SiOj, AljOj, CaO and ZnO. One was reported by Fletcher (1879) as being slightly translucent. These cements were not successful in clinical use. 

Zinc oxide eugenol ZOE) cements 9.2.1 Introduction and history... 

The ZOE cement has a long history. Eugenol is the essential constituent of oil of cloves, which has been used medically since the fourth century... 

We chose to modify the anhydride monomers with photopolymerizable methacrylate functionalities. Methacrylate-based polymers have a long history in biomedical applications, ranging from photocured dental composites [20] to thermally cured bone cements [21]. Furthermore, photopolymerizations provide many advantages for material handling and processing, including spatial and temporal control of the polymerization and rapid rates at ambient temperatures. Liquid or putty-like monomer/initiator... 

Carbonate sediments deposited in shallow marine environments are often exposed to the influence of meteoric waters during their diagenetic history. Meteoric diagenesis lowers 8 0- and 8 C-values, because meteoric waters have lower 8 0-values than sea water. For example. Hays and Grossman (1991) demonstrated that oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate cements depend on the magnitude of depletion of respective meteoric waters. 5 C-values are lowered because soil bicarbonate is C-depleted relative to ocean water bicarbonate. 

Today the cement industry in Saudi Arabia is in one of the most crucial periods of its history. After many years of stable demand the industry faced a tremendous increase in demand. Table 6 shows the consumption of cement. The alternatives being considered by the government and the cement industry are either to continue depending on imports, expand existing plants or build new ones, or do all of these, to meet the present and future demand. 

Conductive Rubber, The history of conductive rubber dates back to 1882, when graphite was proposed as a conductor in rubber. Since that time considerable work has been done by various investigators in developing conducting rubber, both natural synthetic. The electricall resistivity of such rubbers may be as low as 100 ohm-cm. A recent technique of incorporating the black (acetylene black) into a rubber solution or cement has been shown to produce rubbers of very high conductivity, having resistivities as low as 1 ohm-cm (Ref 2)... 

Carbon dioxide Natural and industrial potential carbon sources exist volcanic activity, living organism respiration, fossil fuel combustion, cement production, changes in land use. Natural CO2 fluxes into and out of the atmosphere exceed the human contribution by more than an order of magnitude. The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration closely parallels the emission history from fossil fuels and land use changes. 

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