Cellulose nanocrystals polymer grafting

Kan KH, Li J, Wijesekera K, Cranston ED (2013) Polymer-grafted cellulose nanocrystals as pH-responsive reversible flocculants. Biomacromolecules 14 3130-3139... 

II. Plastic behavior. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 38 383-392 Chen G, Dufresne A, Huang J et al (2009) A novel thermoformable bionanocomposite based on cellulose nanocrystal-graft-poly(e-caprolactone). Macromol Mater Eng 294 59-67 Choi Y, Simonsen J (2006) Cellulose nanocrystal-filled carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposites. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6 633-639... 

Li Q, Zhou J, Zhang L (2009) Stmcture and properties of the nanocomposite films of chitosan reinforced with cellulose whiskers. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 47 1069-1077 Lin N, Chen G, Huang J et al (2009) Effects of polymer-grafted natural nanocrystals on the stmcture and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) a case of cellulose whisker-graft-polycaprolactone. J Appl Polym Sci 113 3417-3425 Ljungberg N, Bonini C, Bortolussi F et al (2005) New nanocomposite materials reinforced with cellulose whiskers in atactic polypropylene effect of surface and dispersion characteristics. Biomacromolecules 6 2732-2739... 

Lin N, Chen GJ, Huang J, Dufresne A, Chang PR. Effects of polymer-grafted natural nanocrystals on the structure and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) a case of cellulose whisker-graft-polycaprolactone. J Appl Polym Sci 2009 113 3417-3425. 

Yu H-Y, Qin Z-Y. Surface grafting of cellulose nanocrystals with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Carbohydr Polym 2014 101 471-8. 

The homogeneous dispersion of cellulose nanoparticles in a polymer matrix in order to obtain nanomaterials is due to their size, which allows penetration in hydrosoluble or at least hydrodispersible structures (as latex-form polymers) as well as dispersion of polysaccharide nanocrystals in nonaqueous media especially using surfactants and chemical grafting. Thus, one of the processing techniques of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with polysaccharide nanocrystals was carried out using hydrosoluble or hydrodispersible polymers. In this respect, the literature has reported preparation of polysaccharide particles with reinforced starch (Svagan et al. 2009), silk fibroin (Noishiki et al. 2002), poly(oxyethylene) (POE) (Samir et al. 2006), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Zimmermann et al. 2005), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) (Zimmermann et al. 2005), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (Choi and Simonsen 2006), or soy protein isolate (SPI) (Zheng et al. 2009). 

Poly(caprolactone)-grafted ramie cellulose whiskers and PCL-grafted waxy maize starch nanocrystals by directly grafting the polymer on the surface of the nanoparticles with a coupling agent... 

---