Cellulose nano fibres

Cherian et al. [119] also extracted cellulose nanofibres from pineapple leaf fibres using acid-coupled steam treatment. The strucmral and physicochemical properties of the pineapple leaf fibres were studied by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), AFM and TEM and X-ray diffi action (XRD) techniques. The acid-coupled steam explosion process resulted in the isolation of PALF nanofibres having a diameter range of 5-60 nm. Figure 1.24a and b shows the AFM and TEM images of nano fibres obtained from pineapple leaf fibres. AFM and TEM support the evidence for the isolation of individual nanofibres from PALF. 

Figure 3. (a) FTIR spectra of raw kenaf fibre, (b) Alkali treated fiber, Bleached fiber (c), and cellulose nano whiskers (d). 

Zhou W, He J, Du S, Cui S, Gao W. Electrospun silk fibroin/cellulose acetate blend nano-fibres structure and properties. Iran Polym J 2011 20 389-397. 

In the course of the recent revival of bio-based polymers [58], cellulose esters have gained attention as matrix materials both for macroscopic and nano composites. In a series of papers, Seavey, Glasser, et al. have investigated continuous cellulose fibre reinforced cellulose ester composites of which the last is dealing with commercial matrix and fibre options [59]. A sort of hand lay-up with acetone solutions was used as the manufacturing method. For various commercial CABs and Lyocell fibres moduli between 15 GPa and 21 GPa were obtained in unidirectional (UD) composites while for cross-ply (CP) architectures, the values were between 10 and 15 GPa. Strengths go up to 310 MPa for UD composites and to 210 MPa for CP materials. 

Njuguna J, Wambua P, Piehchowski K, Kayvantash K. Natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites and nanocomposites for automotive applications, cellulose fibers bio- and nano-polymer composites. In Kaha S, Kaith BS, Kaur 1, editors. Cellulose fibres bio- and nano-polymer composites. Berlin, Heidelberg Springer 2011. 

The biodegradation of the composites of NR reinforced with nano-cellulose from jute fibre by steam explosion was studied by vermicomposting method... 

The reinforcement by cellulose nanofibres instead of micro-sized fibres is recognized as being more effective due to interactions between the nano-sized elements that make up a percolated network connected by hydrogen bonds or entanglements. 

K-Y. Lee, A. DeliUe, and A. Bismarck, Greener surface treatments of natural fibres for the production of renewable composite material, in Cellulose Fibers Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites, S. Kaha, B.S. Kaith, and I. Kaur, (Ed.), pp. 155-78, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. (2011)... 

The extraction of cellulose nanociystals or CNCs (also called (nano-/ micro-)crystallites, whiskers, nanorods, and nanowires ) was first demonstrated in 1952 using acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibres. However, interest in the technique remained low until 1992, when their chiral... 

Fig. 2. (a) Cellulose fibres in wood at the micrometre level, (b) Cellulose molecules in contact at the nano-scale. 

Fig. 14.6 SEM pictures of helical structures observed in electrospun APC thermotropic fibres. Suspended fibres show helices (a) or spirals (b) if suspended by two or one end, respectively. Reproduced in part liom Godinho MH, Canejo JP, Pinto LFV, Borges JP, Teixeira PIC (2009a), How to mimic the shapes of plant tendrils on the nano and microscale spirals and helices of electrospun liquid crystalline cellulose derivatives . Soft Matter 5 2772, with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry...

Thomas S, Paul SA, Pothan LA, Deepa B (2011) In Kalia S, Kaith BS, Kaur I (eds) Natural fibres structure, properties and applications in cellulose fibers bio- and nano-polymer composites. Springer, Berlin, pp 3-42... 

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